Chapter 11 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

What are hydrocarbons?

Answer 1

Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms only

Question 2

What are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

Answer 2

Saturated hydrocarbons have single bonds only
Unsaturated hydrocarbonshave carbon-carbon multiple bonds

Question 3

What are homologous series?

Answer 3

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties

Question 4

What are functional groups?

Answer 4

Is the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecule’s chemical properties

Question 5

What are the differences of aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic?

Answer 5

Aliphatic: carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched or branched chain, suffix -ane
Alicyclic: carbon atoms are joined to each other in ring structures, prefix cyclo-
Aromatic: some or all carbon atoms found in a benzene ring, suffix -ene

Question 6

What is the difference between the different formulas? (molecular, empirical, general, displayed, structural, skeletal)

Answer 6

Molecular: number and type of atoms of each element, doesn’t show how atoms are joined together
Empirical: simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element
General: simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
Displayed: relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule
Sturctural: which groups are bonded together with the smallest amount of detail
Skeetal: removes carbons and hydrogens

Question 7

What are isomers?

Answer 7

Different compounds with the same molecular formula

Question 8

What are structural isomers?

Answer 8

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
Functional groups can be in different positions along the chain

Question 9

What is homolytic fission?

Answer 9

Each of the bonded atoms take one of the shared pair of electrons, which each atom has a single unpaired electron, forming a radical

Question 10

What is heterolytic fission?

Answer 10

When one of the bonded atoms takes both of the eletrons from the bond, which forms a positive and negative ion

Question 11

What are the different reactions?

Answer 11

Addition: two reactants join together to form 1 product
Substitution: an atom or a group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or group of atoms
Elimination: removal of small molecule from a larger one, one reactant forms two products