Chapter 11 Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

what is organic chemistry

Answer 1

study of carbon based substances and compounds

Question 2

give 4 facts about carbon bonding

Answer 2

>covalent bonds
>4 outer shell electrons
>Tetrahedral arrangement
>109.5 bond angle
>Can bond to another atom of itself (catenation)
>Can form single, double, triple bonds
>Bonds are non polar
>High bond enthalpy

Question 3

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 3

compound made up of only hydrogen and carbon

Question 4

what is a saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 4

all single bonds only

Question 5

what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon

Answer 5

contains at least one C-C double/triple bond

Question 6

what are the three types of hydrocarbon

Answer 6

aromatic
aliphatic
alicyclic

Question 7

what is an aromatic hydrocarbon

Answer 7

hydrocarbon that contains a benzene ring

Question 8

what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon

Answer 8

hydrocarbon that doesn’t contain a benzene ring

Question 9

what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon

Answer 9

an aliphatic hydrocarbon with a ring structure

Question 10

what is a benzene ring

Answer 10

ring of carbon atoms that each have one delocalised electron each

Question 11

what is an alkane

Answer 11

saturated hydrocarbon that can be aliphatic or alicyclic

Question 12

what are the two general formulas

Answer 12

Aliphatic CnH2n+2

Alicyclic CnH2n

Question 13

what is molecular formula

give ethane as an example

Answer 13

shows the actual ratio of atoms in a compound

C2H6

Question 14

what is the empirical formula

give ethane as an example

Answer 14

shows the simplest ratio of atoms in a compound

CH3

Question 15

what is the structural formula

give ethane as an example

Answer 15

shows the arrangement of atoms in a compound

CH3CH3

Question 16

what is the display formula

Answer 16

shows all of the bonds in a compound in a diagram

Question 17

what is a homologous series

Answer 17

group of chemicals with same general formula and similar chemical properties but a gradual change in physical properties

Question 18

give the name of the first ten alkanes in ascending order

Answer 18

methane
ethane
propane
butane
pentane
hexane
heptane
octane
nonane
decane

Question 19

what is the skeletal formula

Answer 19

formula that shows the carbon back bone structure of the compound

Question 20

what is a functional group

Answer 20

part of a molecule that affects the chemical properties of a compound

Question 21

decribe complete and incomplete combustion

Answer 21

both require oxygen as fuel and are exothermic processes. the products of complete combustion are the oxides of each element whereas incomplete produces carbon monoxide and soot particles

Question 22

what is first step for naming an organic compound

Answer 22

identify homologous series present

Question 23

what is the second step for naming organic compound

Answer 23

count number of Carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain

Question 24

what is the third step for naming organic compound

Answer 24

identify any side chains and name them using yl

Question 25

what is the fourth step for naming organic compound

Answer 25

say where the side chain is using numbers and di, tri etc if there are multiple. Then write down whole thing with side chains in alphabetical order then main chain

Question 26

how are side chains represented in structural formulas

Answer 26

in brackets next to the carbon it has a bond with

Question 27

what is an isomer

Answer 27

compound with same molecular formula but different structural formula

Question 28

what is a structural isomer

Answer 28

isomer where atoms are bonded in a different order

Question 29

what are the three structural isomers

Answer 29

chain isomer positional isomer functional group isomers

Question 30

what is a chain isomer

Answer 30

a structural isomer where one of the carbon bonds is broken and then remade at a different along the chain

Question 31

what is a positional isomer

Answer 31

a structural isomer where the same functional group is used but at different positions along the chain

Question 32

what is a functional group isomer

Answer 32

a structural isomer where a different functional group is used each time leading to different chemical and physical properties

Question 33

what is used to signify the movement of electrons

Answer 33

curly arrows

Question 34

what do bond fissions can covalent bonds undergo

Answer 34

homolytic bond fission | heterolytic bond fission

Question 35

what is homolytic bond fission

Answer 35

when a bond breaks into two equal parts so each bonding atom receives one electron each

Question 36

what is a radical

Answer 36

chemical species with an unpaired electron

Question 37

what are the three stages of a radical reaction

Answer 37

initiation reaction propagation reaction termination reaction

Question 38

what is an initiation reaction

Answer 38

when a bond breaks to form two radicals

Question 39

what is a propagation reaction

Answer 39

when one radical reacts with a chemical species to form a new different radical

Question 40

what is a termination reaction

Answer 40

when two radicals react to form no more radicals

Question 41

what is heterolytic bond fission

Answer 41

covalent bonds break unequally due to electronegativity so that one of the bonding atoms takes both electrons to form a negatively charged ion

Question 42

what is a nucleophile

Answer 42

chemical species that is attracted to positively charged particles and has itself a lone pair that can be used for bonding

Question 43

what are the three types of reaction

Answer 43

substitution elimination addition

Question 44

what is a substitution reaction

Answer 44

atom or molecule is replaced by a different atom or molecule

Question 45

what is an elimination reaction

Answer 45

small molecule is removed from a larger molecule

Question 46

what is an addition reaction

Answer 46

2 molecules react to form 1 product molecule