Chapter 11 Basicconcepts Of Organic Chemistry

Question 1

hydrocarbon

Answer 1

A compound of hydrogen and carbon only.

Question 2

saturated

Answer 2

Containing single bonds only.

Question 3

saturated hydrocarbon

Answer 3

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only.

Question 4

unsaturated

Answer 4

Containing a multiple carbon-carbon bond.

Question 5

homologous series

Answer 5

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2.

Question 6

alkanes

Answer 6

The hydrocarbon homologous series with single carbon-to-carbon bonds and the general formula: CnH2n+2.
bond angle around carbon is 109.5

Question 7

functional group

Answer 7

The part of the organic molecule responsible for its chemical reactions.

Question 8

aliphatic

Answer 8

Containing carbon atoms joined together in straight or branched chains.

Question 9

alicyclic

Answer 9

Containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic.

Question 10

aromatic

Answer 10

Containing one or more benzene rings.

Question 11

alkenes

Answer 11

The hydrocarbon homologous series with at one double carbon-to-carbon bonds and the general formula: CnH2n.

Question 12

alkynes

Answer 12

The hydrocarbon homologous series with one triple carbon-to-carbon bonds and the general formula: CnH2n–2.

Question 13

alkyl group

Answer 13

A side chain formed by removing a hydrogen atom removed from an alkane parent chain, for example, CH3, C2H5; any alkyl group is often shown as R.

Question 14

Alkene (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 14

C=C -ene

Question 15

Alcohol (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 15

-OH
prefix hydroxyl-
suffix -ol

Question 16

Haloalkane (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 16

-Cl -Br -I

prefix chloro- bromo- iodo-

Question 17

aldehyde (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 17

-CHO c=o
|
h

suffix -al

Question 18

Ketone (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 18

-C(CO)C-
o
||
C-C-C

suffix -one

Question 19

carboxylic acid (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 19

-COOH
-C=O
|
OH

suffix -oic acid

Question 20

ester (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 20

-COOC-
-C=O
|
O -C

suffix -OATE

Question 21

ACYL CHLORIDE (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 21

-COCl
-C=O
I
CL
suffix -oyl chloride

Question 22

amine (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 22

-NH2
prefix amino-
suffix -amine

Question 23

nitrile (functional group + pre/suffix)

Answer 23

-CN

suffix -nitrile

Question 24

molecular formula

Answer 24

A formula that shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecule.

Question 25

empirical formula

Answer 25

The formula that shows the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms of each element present in a compound.

Question 26

structural formula

Answer 26

A formula showing the minimal detail for the arrangement of atoms in a molecule.

Question 27

displayed formula

Answer 27

A formula showing the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.

Question 28

skeletal formula

Answer 28

A simplified organic formula, with hydrogen atoms removed from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups.

Question 29

general formula

Answer 29

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. For example, the general formula of the alkanes is CnH2n+2.

Question 30

Homologous series general formula

Answer 30

``` Alkanes CnH2n+2 Alkenes CnH2n Alcohols CnH2n+1OH/ CnH2n+2O(molecular) Carboxylic acids CnH2nO2 Ketones CnH2nO ```

Question 31

structural isomers

Answer 31

Molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae.

Question 32

homolytic fission

Answer 32

The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals.

Question 33

heterolytic fission

Answer 33

The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to an atom, forming a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion).

Question 34

radical

Answer 34

A species with an unpaired electron.

Question 35

reaction mechanism

Answer 35

The sequence of bond breaking and bond-forming steps that shows the path taken by electrons during a reaction.

Question 36

addition reaction

Answer 36

A reaction in which a reactant is added to an unsaturated molecule to make a one saturated molecule.

Question 37

substitution reaction

Answer 37

A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or group of atoms.

Question 38

elimination reaction

Answer 38

The removal of a molecule from a saturated molecule to make an unsaturated molecule.