Chapter 11/ Cardiovascular System Flashcards by Ira Asuit

Location of the heart

Between the lungs
Inferior mediastinum

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Two layers of Pericardium

Fibrous Pericardium and Serous Pericardium

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Loose and superficial part of Pericardium

Fibrous Pericardium

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Protects the heart and anchors the structure of the Diaphragm and Septum

Fibrous Pericardium

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2 layered deep part of Fibrous Pericardium

Serous Pericardium

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Parietal layer of Serous Pericardium. Outer layer that lines the inner surface of Fibrous

Parietal Pericardium

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The Visceral layer of Serous Pericardium. Innermost layer of Pericardium and outermost layer of the heart wall.

Epicardium

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Three layers of heart wall

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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Middle layer of the heart wall. Consists of Cardiac muscles

Myocardium

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Intercalated Disc

Links the Myocardial cells together

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Dense fibrous connective tissue

“Skeleton of the heart”

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Inner later of the heart wall. A thin, glistening sheet of endothelium

Endocardium

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The Chambers of the Heart

Atria : Left and right Atrium

Ventricle : Left and right Ventricles

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Receiving chambers or receives blood

Atrium

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Discharging chambers or pumps the blood out

Ventricles

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Separates the two Atrium

Interatrial Septum

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Separates the two Ventricles

Interventicular Septum

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It is a type of blood circulation that blood flows from the left atrium through the body tissues and back to the right atrium

Systemic Circulation

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It is a type of blood circulation that blood flows from the right ventricle through the lungs and back to the left atrium

Pulmonary Circulation

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Allows the blood flow on one direction to PREVENT BACKFLOW

Valves

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Four Types of Valves

Atrioventricular Valves
Triscupid Valves
Biscupid valves
Semilunar valves
Pulmonary semilunar valves
Aortic semilunar valve

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It is a type of valve that is located between the atria and ventricles

Atrio venticular valves

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A valve between left atria and left ventricles. Consists of two flaps or curps of endocardium

Bicuspid Valve also called as Mitral

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A valve between the right atria and right ventricle. Consists of three flaps or curps

Tricuspid valve

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It is attached to Capillary muscle that holds the valves in place.

Chordae Tendinae or “Heart strings”

A valve between artery and ventricle

Semilunar valve

A valve between the aorta and left ventricle

Aortic Semilunar valve

A valve between pulmonary artery and right ventricle

Pulmonary semilunar valve

The functional blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the myocardium.

Coronary Arteries

Drains the myocardium of deoxygenated blood

Cardiac veins

A large vein on the posterior of the heart that receives blood from Coronary Veins

Coronary Sinus

Carries the blood away from the heart

Arteries: Aorta Pulmonary arteries

Carries the blood towards the heart

Veins: Superior and inferior vena cava Pulmonary veins

A vein that doesn’t carry deoxygenated blood

Pulmonary veins

An artery that doesn’t carry oxygenated blood

Pulmonary artey

OPEN DURING HEART RELAXATION AND CLOSED DURING VENTICULAR CONTRACTION

AV Valves

Closed during heart relaxation. Ut open during ventricular contraction

Semilunar Valve

The heart has its own Nourishing Circulatory System consisting of

Coronary Artery Cardiac Veins Coronary Sinus

Branch from aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Coronary Artery

Drain the myocardium of deoxygenated blood

Cardiac veins

A large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins

Coronary sinus

Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way

Intrinsic Conduction System (Nodal System)

Releases electrical impulses causing the atrium to contract

Sinoatrial Node

Receives electrical impulses, goes through the Atrioventricular Bundle, Bundle Branch

Antrioventricular node

Spreads electrical impulses causing the ventricular to contract

Purkinje Fibers

Bundle of his, it is located on the ventricular septum

Antrioventricular Bundle

Spreads electrical impulses simultaneously to the fibers allowing the heart to beat as one

Interculated Disc

Damaged AV node releases them from control of the SA node. Result is in a slower heart rate as ventricles contract at their own rate

Heart Block

Lack of adequate oxygen supply to heart muscle

Ischemia

A rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the heart muscle

Fibrillation

Rapid heart rate over 100 beats per minute

Tachycardia

Slow heart rate less than 60 heart beats per minute

Bachycardia

What is the normal heart rate?

60 to 100 beats per minute

Contraction of the heart

Systole

Relaxation of the heart

Diastole

Events of one complete heart beat

Cardiac Cycle

Contraction of atria that pushes the blood down to the ventricles

Mid-tolate Diastole

Contraction of ventricle

Ventricular systole

After ventricle contraction

Early Diastole

Amount of blood pumped in one minute

Cardiac output

Volume of blood pumped in one contraction

Stroke vlomue

Arteries are consists of small arteries called

Arterioles

Site of gas and nutrient exchange

Capillary beds

Major and large artery is called ——— and it branches to arteries

Aorta

Small veins

Venules

Three layers or Tunics of a Blood Vessels

Tunic intima Tunic media Tunic externa

Inner layer of blood vessel

Tunic intima

Middle layer if blood vessel, mostly smooth muscle and it is controlled by sympathetic nervous system

Tunic media

External layer of blood vessel, mostly fibrous connective tissue

Tunic externa

Why is Tunic media thicker in arteries?

Because more pressure occurs in its wall

Two types of vessels in Capillary beds

Vascular Shunt True Capillaries

Vessel directly connecting an arteriole to a venule

Vascular shunt

A site where gas exchange happens. Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells and carbon dioxide as well as metabolic waste products cross into blood

True capillaries

Four regions of Aorta

Ascending aorta Aortic arch Thoracic Aorta Abdominal aorta

An aorta that travels down through the thorax

Thoracic aorta

An aorta that passes through the diaphragm into the abdominopelvic cabity

Abdominal Aorta

An aorta that leaves the left ventricle

Ascending aorta

An aorta that arches to the left

Aortic arch

Carry the blood to the liver

Hepatic portal vein

Carries the oxygenated blood to the liver

Hepatic artery

Pressure wave of blood

Pulse

Blood pressure is measured on the:

Arterial walls or large arteries

Pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

Systolic

Pressure when ventricles relax

Diastolic

Normal blood pressure

120/80

Heart attack. No oxygen supply to the heart muscle, the heart stops working

Myocardial infraction

Chest pain caused by not having enough oxygen supplied to the heart

Angina pectoris