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College Biology > Chapter 11- Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 11- Evolution Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Descent of modern organisms with modifications from predicting life- forms; one generation to the next

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2
Q

Buffon

A

Animal evolution

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3
Q

Hutton

A

Gradual Geological Change

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4
Q

Lamarck

A

Mechanism of species change

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5
Q

Curier and Smith

A

Catastrophes and sequence of fossils

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6
Q

Lyell

A

The greater age of earth gave more time for gradual change in species

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7
Q

Darwin

A

Evolution and natural selection

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8
Q

Wallace

A

Evolution and natural selection

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9
Q

Mechanism of evolution

A

Darwin and Wallace record data about animals and plants in the tropics and wrote about evolutionary thought

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10
Q

Natural selection

A

Greater relative survival and reproduction with favourable heritable traits resulting in evolutionary change

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11
Q

3 principles of natural selection

A

Characteristics passed from parent to offspring

More offspring are produced than able to survive

Competition for resources affect survival of offspring

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12
Q

Variation

A

Differences of individuals.

Sexual selection and mutation

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13
Q

Adaptation

A

Aids survival and reproduction of in the present environment or “match”

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14
Q

Divergent evolution

A

2 species evolve in different directions from a common point or species

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15
Q

Convergent evolution

A

Similar structures arise through evolution independently in different species; similar in function, not structure

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16
Q

Modern Synthesis

A

Combining knowledge of genetics and evolutionary thought

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17
Q

MICROevolution

A

Gradual changes of population over time

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18
Q

MACROevolution

A

Gives rise to a new species and higher taxonomic groups; widely diverged

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19
Q

Evidence for Evolution

A

Fossils

Anatomy- homo/ analogous

Embryological similarity

Modern biochemical and genetic analyses

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20
Q

Homologous Structures (ancestry)

A

Differ in function but has similar anatomy, descended from common ancestors

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21
Q

Vestigial Structures (ancestry)

A

No apparent purpose; homologous to functional structures and is evidence for evolution

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22
Q

Analogous Structures (convergent evolution)

A

Similar functions, superficial similar appearance but very different anatomies (similar because of similar environmental pressures)

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23
Q

Embryological similarity (ancestry)

Study These Flashcards
A

1800s Karl Von Baer similarities of vertebrae in the embryo

24
Q

Biochemical and genetic analyses

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A

Molecular similarities of diverse organisms; determined by nucleotide sequencing

25
Nucleotide
Phosphate bonded to a sugar, bonded to a nitrogenous base (ATCG)
26
Molecular similarity
DNA=RNA= Amino Acids= proteins Can work backwards from protein to determine original DNA sequencing
27
Universal biochemical processes
RNA- almost same code to translate genetic info into proteins Same set of 20 amino acids to build proteins ATP as cellular energy carrier
28
Alleles
One of several alternative forms of a particular gene
29
Genotype
Genetic composition of an organism
30
Phenotype
Physical characteristics of an organism
31
Gene pool
Total of all alleles of all genes; total of all alleles that the gene occurs in
32
Allele Frequency
Any given gene, relative proportion of each allele of that gene
33
HW equilibrium principle (4factors)
1. No mutation 2. Not genetic drift 3. No gene flow 4. Must be natural selection
34
Causes of gene flow
(Mike Gives Gum Never) Mutations Gene flow Genetic drift Non-random mating
35
Mutation
Change in base sequence of DNA; alters appearance or function (greater genetic diversity)
36
Gene Flow
Movement of alleles; migration of individuals
37
Genetic drift
Change in allele frequency of a small population purely by chance
38
Bottleneck and founder effect
2 types of genetic drift
39
Nonrandom mating
Organisms seldom strictly mate randomly Inbreeding- stay in place of birth due to lack of mobility Assortative mating- mate only with others of their species, looking like themselves
40
Beneficial/ nonbeneficial genotypes
Most populations are not equilibrium so it can pass harmful mutations, detrimental over the long run like inheriting recessive genes or abnormalities for certain diseases
41
3 principles of Natural Selection
Unequal reproduction Acts on phenotypes (adaptation) Acts of selection Competition Predator/ prey relationships Sexual selection (nonrandom mating)
42
Competition
Interactions with individuals who attempt to utilise a resource limited relative to the demand for it Certain genetic traits being selected for Ex body/ antler size ; tusk/ beak length
43
Predator/ prey relationships
2 species interact and each exerts strong selection of the other. One evolves a new feature or modifies and old one, other gets new adaptations in response COEVOLUTION
44
Sexual Selection
Cause of evolution Choice of mates by one sex is selective agent Darwin- sexual contests among males or female preference for male phenotype
45
3 ways of Selection
Directional Stabilising Disruptive
46
Directional selection
Extreme value of a trait and selects against both average individuals at the opposite extreme (slope)
47
Stabilising selection
Average value of a trait and selects against individuals with extreme values (bell curve)
48
Disruptive selection
At both extremes of a trait (half and half)
49
Systematics
Reconstructing phylogenies with naming and classifying species
50
3 main domains
(Erin Ate Eggplant) Eukarya: animals, plants, fungi, protist Archaea: prokaryotes distantly related to eubacteria (domain, Genus, species)
51
Lineman taxonomy
Carl Von Linne; basic foundation for our modern classification system Domain= Kingdom= Phylum= class= order= family= genus= species
52
Phylogenetic trees
Diagram that shows evolutionary pathways and relationships
53
Homologous Structures
Clues of common ancestors (wings, fins, arms)
54
Analogous Structures
Similar appearance, different in function
55
Phylogeny
Evolutionary history of a group of species
56
Why classifications change over time
New information is discovered Difficulty applying definitions to organisms

College Biology (1 decks)

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