Chapter 11 - Fluid and Electrolytes

Question 1

_____ is the maintenance of stable internal environment by the body.

Answer 1

Homeostasis

Question 2

_______ is the reclamation of useful substances (water, glucose, amino acids, ions) from filtrate back into the blood during the process of blood purification in the kidney.

Answer 2

reabsorption

Question 3

______ in the kidneys filter the blood

Answer 3

Glomerulus

Question 4

______ is the movement of substances from blood to filtrate.

Answer 4

secretion

Question 5

T or F: The kidneys can filter 150L of blood plasma a day.

Answer 5

True

Question 6

______ relates to calcium in the blood. _______ refers to potassium in the blood.

Answer 6

Calcemia; kalemia

Question 7

______ is when the blood pH is below 7.35. _____ is hen the pH is above 7.45.

Answer 7

Acidosis;alkalosis

Question 8

The _____ assist in regulating the acid-base balance by filtering out _____ and excess ____, returning needed substances. They regulate the ____ of blood and _____ makeup of the blood by achieving proper, fluid, _______ and acid-base balance. (p.256 Roy)

Answer 8

Kidneys
waste
ions
volume
chemical
electrolyte

Question 9

Filtering of blood and the formation of urine is carried out by three processes: ______, ______, and______.

Answer 9

filtration - takes place in glomeruli
reabsorption
secretion (reabsorption in reverse)

Question 10

The four roles of the kidneys are ____ excretion, maintaining _____ , _____ ad _____-_____ balance.

Answer 10

waste

water, electrolyte and acid-base

Question 11

What hormone influences the process of sodium balance by enhancing sodium reabsorption by the kidneys?

Answer 11

Aldosterone p.257

Question 12

When evaluating kidney function consider the following:
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) range ____ - 20 mg/dL
Cr (creatinine) range 0.5 - ____ mg/dL
CO2 (serum carbon dioxide) 25 - ____ mEq/L
eGFR (est. glomerular filtration rate)
Male - 107-139 ml/min
Female 87- ____ ml/min

Answer 12

BUN 10-20
Cr 0.5-1.2
CO2  25-30
eGFR 
Femle 87-107

Question 13

Fluid may be intracellular, extracellular, interstitial, or transcellular. What is an example of transcellular?

Answer 13

Cerebral fluid

Question 14

Fluids within arteries, veins, and capillaries are called ________ fluids

Answer 14

intravascular

Question 15

_______ are substances such as salts that break down into ions when in solution.

Answer 15

electrolytes

Question 16

T or F: The major elements forming salts within the body fluids are sodium, potassium and calcium

Answer 16

True

Question 17

______ balances fluid levels by controlling extracellular fluid volume and water distribution in the body and assists in neuromuscular function.

Answer 17

Sodium (Na)

Normal values: 135-145 mEq/L

Question 18

_______ is a main component f cellular fluid, this positive electrolyte help to regulate neuromuscular function. Even the slightest alteration in its levels can effect cardiac muscle and cognitive function.

Answer 18

Potassium (K)

Normal values: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 19

_____ is required in the extracellular fluid for normal clotting of blood, cell membrane permeability and secretory functions. Also effects neuromuscular performance

Answer 19

Calcium (Ca)

Normal values: 9.0-10.5 mEq/L

Question 20

______ is a constituent of many coenzymes that contribute to normal muscle and nerve irritability. It influences muscle contractions and intracellular activity.

Answer 20

Magnesium

Normal values: 1.5-2.1 mEq/L

Question 21

______ helps maintain osmotic pressure in the blood. Hint: Sodium ______

Answer 21

Chloride

Normal values: 98-106 mEq/L

Question 22

______ is a negative electrolyte that impacts metabolism and regulates acid-balance base and calcium levels

Answer 22

HPO4 - Phosphate

Question 23

emia refers to?

Answer 23

substance in blood

Question 24

Natremia relates to?

Answer 24

sodium (Na) in the blood

Question 25

Hyoponatremia inhibits the release of antidiuretic hormone and allows ____water to be excreted. Hypernatremia stimulates the release of antidiuretic hormone and results in ______ water in the urine.

Answer 25

more (not enough salt, more water out to bring water to sodium ratio in balance) less (too much sodium, must retain water to keep water/salt in balance)

Question 26

If more hydrogen ions means more acidic. What happens when someone hyperventilates (releases rapid CO2)?

Answer 26

Alkalosis. Releasing hydrogen ions means higher pH, alkaline.

Question 27

Increased thirst can indicate excessive amounts of ______ or potassium in the body.

Answer 27

Sodium

Question 28

In assessing fluid/electrolyte and acid-base balance, is diarrhea a concern?

Answer 28

Yes! Diarrhea leads to dehydration. Dehydration leads to imbalance.

Question 29

If a patient reports fatigue, drowsiness, restlessness and seems irritable, could this be related to an F&E A-B imbalance?

Answer 29

Yes. Ineffective adaptation related to electroytes could be a stimuli.

Question 30

In ways can we use skin to check for F& or A-B imbalance?

Answer 30

Temperature, turgor, edema, pinch skin and it tents

Question 31

What are some important labs we should perform when F&E A-B imbalance is suspected?

Answer 31

Hemoconcentration: HGB (hemoglobin) & HCT (hematocrit)

Question 32

Once we determine that there is an imbalance (system is compromised), what is the next step in the nursing process?

Answer 32

assess stimuli. What is causing the imbalance?

Question 33

One the stimuli influencing the imbalance is identified, what is the next step?

Answer 33

Label stimuli as focal, contextual or residual.

Question 34

Is vomiting and/or diarrhea a stimulus or a behavior?

Answer 34

It depends. If they are the cause of imbalance, they are a stimuli. If they are caused by the imbalance, they are a behavior

Question 35

What are some examples of nursing diagnosis for F&E A-B imbalance?

Answer 35

``` Dehydration Fluid overload ELectrolyte imbalance Altered tissue perfusion Self care knowledge of deficit regarding maintenance o FE balance ```

Question 36

______ is when a person has trouble breathing while lying down.

Answer 36

Ortopnea