Chapter 11: Freud Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
How are the two scientists who taught that the symptoms for hysteria were not an imagery illness?
A
Charcot and Bernheim
2
Q
How did they treat these patients?
A
by hypnotizing and directing a suggest that the symptom’s disappear.
3
Q
How did psychoanalysis come to be?
A
Due to some unresponsive hypnotic induction, the search for a different method was needed.
4
Q
Who was Sigmund Freud’s older friend and mentor?
A
Josef Breuer, a successful conventional physician.
5
Q
Who was the young woman Breuer treated with hysteria?
A
Bertha Pappenheim
6
Q
What was the treatment cathartic method?
A
Hypnotized Pappenheim - asked her to think about her symptom’s and to try to recall the first time she experienced them. An emotional ‘forgotten’ memory would come about after the symptoms improved or disappeared.
7
Q
What complication arose when Pappenheim became emotionally attached to Breuer?
A
a development that disturbed the proper doctor greatly.
8
Q
What did Pappenhaeim become?
A
moved to Frankfurt, Germany and was one of the first social workers and feminist leader.
9
Q
What did Freud and Breuer collaborate on?
A
- writing Studies on Hysteria, a book describing the cathartic method, by using the Pappenheim (Anna O) case.
10
Q
What was the books startling hypothesis?
A
that “hysteria suffer mainly from reminiscences.”
11
Q
What is pathogenic ideas?
A
Emotionally charged memory experiences that have been forgotten and placed beyond that reach of consciousness, to become disease-causing pathogenic ideas.
12
Q
What caused hysteria symptoms?
A
Stimuli that would usually trigger the memory now activated the repressed emotional energy instead, which “discharged” into the muscles, causing a hysteria symptom.
13
Q
What did Freud and Breuer call conversions?
A
symptoms as conversions of emotional into physical energy .
14
Q
Who did the cathartic method of treatment work on?
A
Only people who could be deeply hypnotized and Freud found that many patients could not be.
15
Q
How did the theory that Freud called psychoanalysis develop?
A
Psychoanalysis integrated and synthesized many ideas he had been exposed to during his rich educational and personal experiences.
16
Q
Why did Freud learn Spanish?
A
So he could read Don Quixote.
17
Q
What drew Freud to law?
A
His early interests in history and the humanities drew him toward a career in law, until a chance reading of an inspiring essay aroused more scientific ambitions.
18
Q
The philosopher Franz Brentano published what important book?
A
In 1874, the year of Wundt’s Principles of Physiological Psychology, Brentano published Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint.
19
Q
What was the act psychology approach?
A
An approach that differentiated the basic nature of psychology’s subject matter from that of the physical sciences.
20
Q
Why did Brentano believe the fundamental unit of psychology analysis was?
A
Was an act rather than an objects, that always refers to or “contains” an object. Ex: while a unit of physical analysis might be an atom, a psychological unit would be a wanting such a kind of atom to exist.
21
Q
What did Brentano name this quality of ‘aboutness’ that all mental acts have?
A
Intentionality: their referring to, and taking attitudes of belief and\or desire toward, their objects.
22
Q
What is intentionality?
A
is a purely subjective quality, detectable only through introspection, and we’ll see in Chapter 14 how come modern researchers of artificial intelligence debate the question of whether a highly sophisticated computer or other machine can ever experience it.
23
Q
What did Brentano teach about “motivational factors”?
A
that any adequate psychological theory must be ‘dynamic,’ or. capable of accounting for the influence of ever-changing motivational factors on thought.
24
Q
What distinguishes the difference between the “objective reality” of physical objects and the “subjective reality” of private thought?
A
he skeptically but seriously examined the literature on unconscious thought.
25
Who changed Freud's direction in his third year?
A more influential teach named Ernst Brucke.
26
Who also were classmates with Ernst Brucke at university's Physiological Institute?
Muller (teacher) with Helmholtz and du Bois-Reymond.
27
What was the new physiological mechanism they promoted?
it rejected vitalism and sought mechanistic explanations for all organic phenomena.
28
What did Freud gravitate towards once he began training at Vienna's General Hospital?
connected with neurophysiology and worked primarily with the famous brain anatomist Theodor Meynert.
29
Who had Meynert previously taught?
Wernicke, whose pioneering work on brain localization and aphasia was covered in Chapter 3.
30
In 1885, Why did Meynert sponsor Freud?
for a travelling grant to study in Paris with the celebrated Charcot, just then at the height of his influence.
31
What did this offer him able to do?
with sufficient credentials to begin a private practice in the treatment of neurological diseases.
32
What caused Freud to lose favour with the Viennese medical establishment?
Freud reported favourably on Charcot's opinion that men as well as women could be hysterics.
33
What did Freud call a pressure technique?
Wondering whether a similar technique might enhance his patients' memory for pathogenic ideas while not under hypnosis, he experimented with what he called a pressure technique.
34
What technique did he finally adapt?
He called it free association. Instead of making direct suggestions, he asked them to let their thoughts run free and to report fully and openly whatever came to mind, even if it seemed irrelevant, silly, embarrassing, or anxiety-provoking.
35
What is overdetermination?
in which one symptom was caused not by a single factor but by two or more acting together. He came to believe that most hysteria symptoms were similarly overdetermined.
36
What other insight did Freud find while recovering memories through free association?
he became increasingly convinced that pathogenic ideas were not simply 'forgotten' like unimportant details.
37
What is the process of repression?
these ideas seemed to have been subjected to a willful and active - although largely unconscious - process of repression. Ex: his patients invariably resisted the free-association process somewhere along the line, and in widely differing ways.
38
How did Freud detect intra-psychic conflict in his patients?
with different aspects of each personality clamouring for mutually exclusive goals.
39
What does Freud later believe intra-psychic conflict is?
extending far beyond hysteria and pervading virtually all human activity.
40
What is Freud's 1896 seduction theory of hysteria?
All hysterics, he now asserted, must have undergone sexual abuse as children.
41
What is Freud's 1900 book?
The Interpretation of Dreams.
42
What is manifest content?
typically marked by disjointed chronology and fantastic images, often seemed unintelligible and failed to make sense in terms of the dreamer's normal waking experience.
43
What is latent content?
those ideas and memories recalled after extensive free association to the manifest content - seemed tot have the greatest personal significance for the dreamer.
44
What is the term 'dream work?'
a dream originates with a series of latent thoughts which the sleeping mind transforms into manifest content by means of three processes he referred to collectively as the dream work.
45
What does the processes of displacement, overdetermination or condensation, and concrete representation all have in common?
they all occur unconsciously, and the dreams or symptoms finally seem to appear involuntarily and out of nowhere as far as the dreamer or patient is concerned.
46
When does the process of displacement occur?
it occurs with the emotional energy of the highly charged latent content being deflected or displaced onto the related but emotionally more neutral ideas of the manifest content.
47
What does displacement serve as?
a defensive purpose, enabling the dreamer to experience images less disturbing than the thought that originally inspired them.
48
What is Freud's second process called condensation?
Several latent thoughts may be symbolized by a single image or element of the manifest content. In Freud's Irma dream, for example, trains of thought involving both sexuality and Freud's troublesome relationship with his friend were associated with the single image of trimethylamin. its based on the notion that two or more latent thoughts sometimes condense onto a single manifest dream image.
49
What is Freud's third process observed was that the manifest content?
Typically represents latent ideas by means of concretely experienced sensations, or hallucinations.
50
What is concrete representation?
latent dream thoughts receive concrete representation in the subjectively real sensations of the manifest content.
51
What is the overdetermined symptom?
several emotion-laden and resistance-causing pathogenic ideas were indirectly and "defensively" symbolized by a single and highly concrete physical sensation.
52
What does the process of displacement, overdetermination or condensation, and concrete representation all have in common?
They all occur unconsciously.
53
What is the Primary Process?
he believed infants are born with the capacity for dreams but have to learn how to think rationally, he labeled the unconscious mode of thought the primary process.
54
What is the secondary process?
the conscious mode the secondary process, Freud saw adult dreams and hysteria symptoms as instances in which mature, secondary-process thinking is abandoned in favour of the developmentally earlier primary process - where a "regression" to earlier and more primitive ways of thinking has occurred.
55
What is Freud's wish fulfillment hypothesis?
the idea that the latent content of every dream includes a wish of some sort, which is the most important motivator for the dream itself.
56
What is the Oedipus complex?
it deprives from the greek tragedy by Sophocles, that portrays a story in which these events occur: The hero, Oedipus, unwittingly kills his father and marries his mother. Freud named this apparently universal constellation of unconscious wishes.
57
What was Freud's new theory book in 1905?
Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality: written on both childhood and sexuality.
58
What was Freud's new theory about every baby?
Every baby born is in a state called polymorphous perversity and is capable of taking sensual pleasure from the gentle stimulation of any part of the body.
59
What is an erogenous zone?
- specific areas of intense satisfaction and sensual pleasure.
60
What is the case of Dora?
She suffered from mild hysteria, 18-year-old Ida was brought to Freud by her father after threatening suicide.
61
What was the process of transference?
patients would transfer onto him, as the therapist, attributes of the important people from their past lives who were involved in their neurotic symptoms.
62
What is metapsychology?
theoretical models of the mind (or psyche, as he sometimes called it). Occurred in 1890s when he proposed neurological structures and mechanisms capable of producing the dreams and symptoms of hysteria he saw in his psychotherapy practice.
63
What was the manuscript in 1895 that was never intended to be realized?
after his death, Project for a Scientific Psychology was published.
64
What is the ID?
the origin and container of unconscious, powerful impulses and energies from the instincts.
65
What is the Superego?
Moral demands, arising independently of instincts and external reality alike, presumably originated from a separate part within the psyche.
66
What is the ego?
The part of the psyche that specific responses that must be devised and executed that will permit some degree of instinctual satisfaction but that will not endanger the individual from the real world or violate the dictates of conscience.
67
What is a defence mechanism according to Freud?
the older Freud saw everyday life as dominated by other, less dramatic ego compromises.
68
What is displacement?
As a defence mechanisms, displacement is the redirection of an impulse toward a substitute target that resembles the original in some way but is psychologically safer.
69
What is the defence mechanism of projection?
occurs when one does not directly acknowledge one's own unacceptable impulses, but attributes them to someone else instead.
70
What is intellectualization?
an emotion-charged subject is directly approached, but in a strictly intellectual manner that avoids emotional involvement.
71
What was the defense mechanism rationalization?
in which people act because of one motive but explain the behaviour (to themselves as well as to others) on the basis of another, more acceptable one.
72
What is the defense mechanism identification?
the unconscious adoption of the characteristics of some other emotionally important person, acquired considerable theoretical importance in Freud's later writings.
73
What is the castration complex?
takes different forms for boys and girls. For boys, the predominant response is supposedly enhanced anxiety: now knowing that there are people without penises, they irrationally but intensely fear that their fathers might castrate them too if they openly revealed their Oedipal wishes.
74
Who was Karen Horney and what was she outspoken about?
the prominent German psychoanalyst became an outspoken critic of Freud's new theory of the castration complex. she joined the psychoanalytic movement in 1920 and soon became respected as one of its most gifted practitioners and writers.
75
Who was Clara Thompson?
An American psychoanalyst built on Horney's work and further disputed Freud's position that female inferiority was rooted in women's lack of a penis and and underdeveloped superego.
76
Who was Melanie Klein?
in London was Hungarian-born, a protege of Abraham and Jones who also specialized in child analysis.
77
What is object relations?
With its greater emphasis on the child's relationship to its first 'love object,' Klein's theory generated an offshoot movement that became known as the object relations school of psychoanalysis.
78
Who was Erik Erikson?
the son of Danish parents but raised in Germany, who studied with Anna Freud in Vienna before emigrating to the United States.
79
Who was Alfred Adler?
Took over for Freud but tensions grew because of theoretical disagreements based on their differing medical backgrounds, and also due to personally differences.
80
What to Alder was unique about the inferiority complex?
An individual's most basic pattern if inferiority feelings and attitudes, determined by a combination of innate and environmental factors from childhood.
81
What was Adler's own school of theory and therapy?
Adler's conviction that everyone experiences and reacts to inferiority in his or her unique way led to name his system individual psychology.
82
What was Alder's social interest?
Alder saw humans as innately social, with an inborn motive or capacity he called social interest: a desire to relate harmoniously and constructively with fellow humans.
83
What was Alder's birth order effect?
Consistent with his emphasis on socialization, Adler focused more attention than Freud on the full dynamics within a child's family, and on the birth order effect.
84
What was the book that Alder read by the German writer Hans Vaihinger?
The philosophy of "As if," which argued that many behavioural patterns are based on assumptions that are actually false but are accepted as if they are true.
85
What did Adler call guiding fictions?
partially or completely incorrect ideas about the self, often dating from childhood, that are believed to be true and may consciously or unconsciously influence behaviour.
86
In 1932 Adler developed what?
his basic therapeutic and theoretical ideas have been continuously maintained and developed in the Journal of Individual Psychology, and by the North American Society of Alderian Psychology, which has several local affiliates.
87
What book did Carl Jung write?
Memories, Dreams, and Reflections.
88
Who was Eugene Bleuler?
Bleuler had recently coined the diagnostic term schizophrenia for severe mental disturbances marked by delusions, hallucinations, and other breaks with objective reality.
89
What did Jung combine?
Freuds Interpretation of Dreams, his free association with Galton's earlier invention of the word-association technique.
90
What did Jung development consist of?
a more formal version, the word-association test consisted of a list of words presented to subjects with instructions to respond to each "as quickly as possible (with) the first word that occurs to your mind."
91
What is analytical psychology?
Tensions came to a head in late 1912, leading Jung to follow Adler's example and formally break from the psychoanalytic group and create his own movement.
92
What are Jung's archetypes?
universal images, themes, and ideas - that originate not out of personal experience.
93
What was his collective unconscious?
from an innate - it resembled Plato's ideal forms and Descartes's innate ideas, Jung's archetypes included the basic inspirations for dreams or myths concerning the mother, the father, the "trickster," or cultural memories of a great flood.
94
What was the image mandala?
Many of Jung's presumed archetypes were visual, and one that he particularly emphasized was the image of a mandala, a spiritual and ritual symbol representing the universe.
95
What also does the mandala represented?
the potential unity and wholeness of the human psyche. The ideal psychological condition, he believed, was one of balance among many tendencies, some of them diametrically opposed, and the mandala symbolized this sense of harmony.
96
What is the extroversion-introversion personality dimension?
a person's relative orientation toward the outer world or the inner world.
97
For Jung, What was his ideal condition?
was to achieve a balance between extroversion and introversion, or an ability to alternate voluntarily between the two.
98
What were some of the Jung's wealthy clients?
Paul Mellon of the famous banking family and his wife Mary Conover Mellon, who in 1945 established the Bollingen Foundation, named after Jung's country home in Bollingen, Switzerland.
99
In 2009 Jung scholarship enhanced with the publication of an annotated facsimile edition of?
his Red Book.
100
What was his much less accessible volume called?
Memories, Dreams, and Reflections.
101
What expansion was his concept in his theory of psychological types?
he proposed two additional dimensions defining a person's preferred mode of perception and mode of judgement.
102
Who was Saul Rosenzweig?
whose doctoral research at Harvard investigated the memory for completed versus incompleted or interrupted tasks.
