Chapter 11 - High Middle Ages Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
Define the Medieval State.
A
The going power of monarchs led to states organized along lingual/cultural/ethnic lines. Lesser nobles also sought to check the power of the monarchs. Nation-state formation was not, however, complete.
2
Q
Who built a massive wall in Britain to hold-off the Celts?
A
Hadrian of the Roman Empire.
3
Q
What was the wall Hadrian built in Britain?
A
Hadrian’s wall.
4
Q
What was the largest Roman city in London and what was its population?
A
London; It had a population of about 30,000 people.
5
Q
By what year had Rome withdrawn from Britain?
A
Approximately 400 AD.
6
Q
What characterized the Anglo-Saxon “mini-civilization” that resulted from Roman departure?
A
1) Society valued glory and honor.
2) People engaged in perpetual fighting
3) An economy was created based on plunder.
7
Q
When were most Anglo-Saxon pagans converted?
A
Around 600 AD.
8
Q
How many small and independent kingdoms could be found in Great Britain around 500 AD?
A
Between five and eleven.
9
Q
Who introduced Christianity to Northern England?
A
Irish Monks.
10
Q
Who introduced Christianity to the Irish?
A
St. Patrick
11
Q
Who introduced Christianity to Southern England?
A
Missionaries sent from Rome.
12
Q
What ended England’s isolation from mainland Europe?
A
The Christianization of England.
13
Q
How was learning preserved in Great Britain?
A
Through monasteries.
14
Q
Were the people of England literate?
A
Largely no.
15
Q
Who was the most famous Monk between 650-800 AD?
A
The Venerable Bede.
16
Q
What did the Venerable Bede do?
A
1) Wrote a history of Christianity in England
2) Wrote a history of the English People
3) Devised the BC-AD system of dating all history from the time of Christ.
17
Q
What were other names given to the Vikings?
A
Norsemen and Northmen.
18
Q
Where did the Vikings hail from?
A
Scandinavia.
19
Q
List all the civilizations the Vikings came into contact with.
A
1) Ireland.
2) England.
3) Russia.
4) The Byzantine Empire.
5) Muslim Merchants.
20
Q
Where did the Vikings settle?
A
Greenland and Iceland.
21
Q
When did the Vikings visit North America?
A
Around 1000 AD.
22
Q
During what years were Viking raids common?
A
700-800 AD.
23
Q
What did Viking raids encourage?
A
1) Political Decentralization
2) Empowerment of Large Landowners
24
Q
Why did Viking attacks come to an end around 900?
A
A Frankish ruler gave the Vikings territory around the Seine River (Normandy) and converted the Vikings to Christianity. The Vikings defended Europe against further Viking attacks.
25
Why did the Vikings start to assimilate into European civilization?
Christianity.
26
Who conquered much of Anglo-Saxon England around 850?
The Danes (Who were Vikings).
27
What area of England were the Danes not able to subdue?
Wessex.
28
Who was Wessex ruled by?
Alfred the Great.
29
How did Alfred the Great defeat the Danes?
1) Built a Strong Army and Navy
| 2) Established a Court Palace to Preserve Learning.
30
Who conquered England in 1066?
The Normans.
31
Who were the Normans?
Vikings that had settled in Northern France.
32
Who led the Normans?
William the Conqueror.
33
What did William the Conqueror introduce to England?
A strong centralized monarchy.
34
How did William the Conqueror maintain a strong centralized monarchy?
1) He retained 1/6 of the land for himself.
2) The nobles swore absolute allegiance to William alone.
3) Only William had enough resources to compel obedience if a noble resisted.
35
What system did William use and how was it organized?
William used the shire (county) system and used royal agents (sheriffs) as his governors in the shire. He established bureaucratic efficiency in England.
36
What was the Domesday Book?
A census book containing the number of all the people, pigs, and plows that existed on a piece of property.
37
What became noticeable about England after the Normans?
National Unity under the banner of the English.
38
Why was National Unity prominent in Britain?
1) William the Conqueror subdued England in one quick movement as opposed to hundred of years.
2) The legal reforms of Henry I and Henry the II of using royal judges in all cases and creating a de facto "common law".
3) The Magna Carta
39
Who signed the Magna Carta and when was it signed?
King John in 1215 AD.
40
Why was the Magna Carta created?
King John tried to raise more money for his war with France by over-taxing his vassals and punishing some vassals without a trial.
41
What did the Magna Carta actually stipulate?
That the King was bound to obey his feudal obligations and must respect the rights of barons.
42
What happen to the Magna Carta in future generations?
It would be interpreted more broadly.
43
What principles were later drawn out of the Magna Carta?
1) The King is not above the law and must submit to the laws of the State.
2) Protects Civil Rights against government oppression.
3) The King must consult with Parliament before Levying Taxes.
4) The Right to a Trial by Jury.
5) Protection Against Arbitrary Arrest and Imprisonment.
44
Who was a successor of the old Carolingian King Louis?
Otto.
45
What did Otto do during his reign to gain the title "Emperor of the Romans"?
1) Entered Into Political Alliances With Local Church Leaders
2) Received soldiers and civil administrators from conquered territories.
3) Forced various landowners and dukes to submit to his authority.
4) Extended his influence into Italy in 962 and protected the pope from various Italian enemies.
46
What created a link between the Papacy and the German throne that would continue throughout the Middle Ages?
The Pope crowning Otto the "Emperor of the Romans".
47
What concept did the granting of Title to Otto create?
The Holy Roman Empire.
48
What two factions would come into conflict during the Holy Roman Empire and why?
The Dukes and Church against the Emperor. German Emperors tried to extend control over Italy and that drew the ire of the church.
49
Why was the Catholic Church so powerful in the Middle Ages?
1) Virtually all people in Western Europe after 900 were professing Christians.
2) Commoners throughout the west took their religion seriously.
50
What was medieval Catholic Christianity reliant on and why?
Ritual, ceremony, and even superstition. Because clear Bible reading and teaching were rare due to massive illiteracy.
51
How was God's grace given in Medieval Catholic Christianity?
Through the sacraments.
52
Name all the sacraments and describe what each did.
1) Baptism - cleansed the infant of sin and gave them a clean slate before God.
2) Confirmation - granted adolescents additional grace.
3) Matrimony - conferred upon marriage a holy status.
4) The Eucharist - Communion eating the literal body and blood of Christ and receiving forgiveness.
5) Penance - Confessing and Working Off Sins That Were Forgiven by the Priest.
6) Extreme Unction - Administered to the dying as an effort to remove all last remains of sin.
7) Ordination - Conferred special grace on men who were becoming priests.
53
What was excommunication?
Removal from the church that barred them from gaining the sacraments.
54
Why were people excommunicated?
1) Flagrant violation of the church's rules.
| 2) Resisting church authority.
55
How did the Church use the power of excommunication?
To coerce kings and military leaders, essentially as political power.
56
During what year did a Moral Reform movement take root in the Catholic Church?
950 AD.
57
What steps took place during the moral reform to clean up the Church?
1) Eschewing the Pursuit of Worldly goods.
2) Forgoing Land Acquisition
3) Ending Violent Seizures of the Papacy.
4) Halting the Sale of Church Offices.
5) Doing Away With Mistresses and Having Priests Remain Celibate.
58
What was not unusual about the papacy during the 800s?
Prominent members of leading Italian families to ascend to the office of pope, despite their obvious lack of spiritual qualifications.
59
What reform movement reached the papacy around 1050?
The Cluny Reform.
60
What institution did the Cluny Reform help create?
The College of Cardinals.
61
Under what pope was the College of Cardinals created?
Pope Leo IX
62
What power was the College of Cardinals given?
To appoint the next pope to avoid the political influences previously prevalent.
63
Who was the most zealous reformer of the papacy and when was he pope?
Hilderbrand - Pope Gregory VII in 1073.
64
What key practice did Pope Gregory VII eliminate?
He rejected the practice of Kings naming church bishops and investing those bishops with spiritual authority.
65
What brought Gregory into conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor?
The Investiture Controversy.
66
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the investiture conflict?
Henry IV.
67
What was the implication of the vicarship of the pope?
Popes were to instruct kings how they should rule and kings were to obey popes.
68
What was the immediate conquest of the Investiture Controversy?
Civil War in Germany because of Gregory's excommunication of all of Germany.
69
When was the Investiture Controversy finally resolved?
1122 AD.
70
What was the name of the compromise that resolved the conflict?
The Concordat of Worms.
71
What did the Concordat of Worms stipulate?
Bishops were chosen by the church by bishops acknowledged that they were the King's vassals and owed feudal obligations to the crown.
72
Under what pope did the papacy reach the height of its power?
Pope Innocent III.
73
What power did Pope Innocent III claim and how did he claim it?
A power just less than God but higher than men. He could not be judged by others. He claimed to be the Vicar of Christ.
74
List all the major actions taken by Pope Innocent III.
1) Ordered the Fourth Crusade.
2) Convened the Fourth Lateran Council.
3) Interdicted French King Phillip II
4) Interdicted English King John
75
What actions did the Fourth Lateran Council take in 1215?
1) Made it the sacred duty of Kings to hunt down and punish heretics.
2) The doctrine of transubstantiation was formalized.
3) Church property was exempted from taxation.
4) At least once a year, every Catholic was required to confess his sins to a priest.
5) Declared the Eastern Orthodox Church subordinate to the Roman Catholic Church
76
What style of architecture dominated the west during the 1000s and 1100s?
Romanesque.
77
What defined Romanesque architecture?
1) Domes.
2) Think walls.
3) Few Windows.
4) Short (Under 100 ft tall)
78
What style of architecture became popular during the 1200s and 1300s?
Gothic.
79
What defined Gothic architecture?
1) Pointed Ceilings.
2) Used flying buttresses.
3) Cross-Ribbed Ceilings.
4) Large Stained Glass Windows.
5) Tall Buildings
80
By 1500 roughly how many universities were there in Europe?
Eighty.
81
What are the seven liberal arts taught in the new universities?
1) Astronomy
2) Geometry
3) Arithmetic
4) Music
5) Grammar
6) Rhetoric
7) Logic
82
What concepts were introduced to higher education during the Middle Ages that exist today?
1) Group Instruction - One teacher instructing a large number of students at the same time.
2) Formal Teaching Licenses.
3) Awarding Academic Degrees.
4) The Idea of a Liberal Arts Curriculum
5) Wearing Priestly Garb at Graduation Ceremonies.
83
What was the initial trigger for the Crusades?
A call for help by the Byzantines against Muslim invaders.
84
What battle crippled the Byzantine Empire?
The Battle of Manzikert.
85
Was the First Crusade legitimate?
Yes, it was a legitimate military response to previous military action.
86
What were some of the non-spiritual motives of the Crusades?
1) Bringing the Eastern Church back under Papal control.
2) Creating a Christian Army to assert primacy over European Kings.
3) A way of minimizing the disastrous wars that knights fought against knights in Europe.
87
How many commoners armies were raised?
Two. But both were massacred.
88
What were commoners armies?
Armies filled with peasants and poor villagers.
89
What kind of warriors populated the First Crusade and where did these warriors mostly reside?
Knights from France.
90
What was the result of the First Crusade?
1) Jerusalem was retaken.
| 2) Three Outposts of Medieval European Christendom Were established at Antioch, Edessa, and Tripoli.
91
What two monastic orders were created after retaking Jerusalem and what was the purpose of each?
1) The Knights of the Temple (Templars) - Defend Christian pilgrims traveling to Jerusalem.
2) The Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem (Hospitallars) - Take care of the sick in Jerusalem.
92
What was the purpose of the Second Crusade and what was the result?
To retake the city of Edessa from the Muslims. It was a total failure.
93
Who invaded Palestine in 1187?
The general Saladin.
94
What provoked the Third Crusade?
The recapturing of Jerusalem by Saladin.
95
What great European Leaders participated in the Third Crusade and what nation was each leader from?
1) Richard I (Lion-Hearted) - England
2) Phillip Augustus - France
3) Frederick Barbarossa - Germany.
96
What was the result of the Third Crusade?
A failure to recapture Jerusalem but an agreement that allowed Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem.
97
What happened during the Fourth Crusade?
Ten Thousand Crusaders attacked Zara to gain Venetian transport to the Holy Lands. Then Alexius IV offered a huge sum of money if the Crusaders would help restore him to the throne. Crusaders raided Constantinople and brought back tons of relics. Byzantium would never recover.
98
What were the consequences of the Crusades?
1) A temporary respite from conflict that could have helped promote the 1100s commercial revolution.
2) Undermined the Moral Authority of the Pope.
3) Undermined Feudalism since lords died in the fight.
4) Made Northern Italian City States Rich.
5) Long term Arabic bitterness towards Christians after initial compromise.
99
Around what years do we see the first steps towards nation states ruled by monarchs?
1300-1400.
100
What is the term used for the consolidation of Spain into a unified state around 1500?
Reconquista.
101
What dynasty in France had its root in post-charlemagne feudal relationships?
The Capetian Dynasty.
102
What techniques did the Capetians use to consolidate power?
1) Had a Clear Process For The Right of Succession.
2) Made Alliances With Local Roman Catholic Church Officials.
3) Built a Royal Bureaucracy That Kept the King informed and carried out tasks like tax collection and justice administration.
4) Started Intrigue in Britain to Seize More French Territory.
103
Who succeeded King Phillip II in France?
Louis IX.
104
What was the most significant thing King Louis IX accomplished?
He distanced himself from the old feudal paradigm of first among equal and declared there was only one king of France.
105
What two things did managing a State require?
1) Money
| 2) National Co-operation
106
Who convened the First Estates General?
Phillip IV.
107
Why was the First Estates General convened?
To raise revenue if a potential war broke out after Phillip resisted Pope Boniface.
108
What was the Estates General?
A French Legislative Assembly created to mobilize popular support for Phillip IV's action.
109
What classes did the Estates General claim to represent?
1) Clergy
2) Lords/Nobles
3) Commoners
110
Who consolidate power in England?
William the Conqueror
111
Why was the power of the English Monarch limited?
1) Henry II conflict with Thomas Beckett resulting in Beckett's death and popular outrage against Henry.
2) The signing of the Magna Carta by King John.
112
Who convened the First English Parliament?
King Edward I.
113
Who was crowned the First Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire?
Otto the Great.
114
Why were German Kings unable to consolidate power?
1) Because they were too busy fighting with the Pope.
2) Bureaucracy was hard to maintain because of the huge amounts of territory German Kings Controlled.
3) Local Allegiances Were With Lords not the King.
115
What German King encouraged local lord autonomy in trying to conquer Northern Italy?
Frederick II.
116
What civil war further impeded German unification?
Thirty Years War.
117
Who controlled Southern Italy up till 1100?
Muslims.
118
After Muslims lost control of Southern Italy, what happened?
It became the Independent Kingdom of Sicily.
119
Who claimed the land in the Independent Kingdom of Sicily?
The Normans who fought on behalf of both the Muslims and Byzantines but made their own state instead.
120
Under what King did Sicily look most promising?
Roger the Great.
121
Under whose rule did Southern Italy start to look like the rest of Medieval Europe?
Frederick II who also ruled Germany.
122
What were the names of all the city states that made up Northern Italy?
1) Venice
2) Florence
3) Pisa
4) Genoa
5) Parma
6) Milan
123
What kind of economy did the Northern City-States have?
A commercial economy.
124
Who all participated in politics in the Northern City-States?
Guild Leaders, Merchants, Noble Families, and Soldiers.
125
Where did ultimate political power rest in the Northern City-States?
In the Arengo or assembly.
126
What is the term Eastern Europe used to describe?
The culture that existed in the present-day states of Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, the Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Western Russia (Balkans of Southeastern Europe)
127
What are the cultural groups under the term slav?
Magyars (Hungarians), Chzechs (Bohemians), Slovaks, Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Poles, Russians, Ukranians.
128
What three groups are the Slavs divided into?
1) Western Slavs
2) Southeastern Slavs
3) Eastern Slavs
129
List the nations and conditions in each Western Slavic State.
General - Polish & Bohemian slavs converted to Christianity.
1) Bohemia was a part of the Holy Roman Empire and controlled by nobles.
2) Hungary was fairly stable but controlled by Bishops and Large Landowners. The dominant power in Eastern Europe.
3) Poland was tumultuous with struggles between the crown and nobility. The Oder River became the divining line between German and Polish Kingdoms and culture.
130
What group harassed the Slavs in Eastern Europe?
The Teutonic Knights.
131
What were the Teutonic Knights.
A group of Knights organized during the crusades who attacked the Northern Slavs and forcibly converted them to Christianity. The territory they settled became known as Prussia.
132
The eastern slavic people intermarried what group to create a separate kingdom?
The Vikings.
133
Where was the Viking-Slavic Kingdom centered?
Kiev.
134
Who brought Christianity to Russia?
Vladimir.
135
What other Empire did the Viking-Slav Kingdom have a close relationship to?
The Byzantine Empire.
