Chapter 11 - Muscular System pt 2

Question 1

Anatomical position is also known as ____?

Answer 1

Zero position

Question 2

What type of movement decreases joint angle?

Answer 2

Flexion

Question 3

What type of movement straightens joint angle?

Answer 3

Extension

Question 4

What type of movement straightens joint angle beyond zero position?

Answer 4

Hyperextension

Question 5

Flexion and extension usually occur in which plane?

Answer 5

Sagittal

Question 6

What type of movement moves away from midline?

Answer 6

Abduction

Question 7

What type of movement moves toward the midline?

Answer 7

Adduction

Question 8

Abduction and Adduction usually occur in which plane?

Answer 8

Frontal

Question 9

What type of movement raises a body part?

Answer 9

Elevation

Question 10

What type of movement lowers a body part?

Answer 10

Depression

Question 11

Elevation and depression usually occur in which plane?

Answer 11

Frontal

Question 12

What type of movement creates an anterior movement? (ex: shoulders moving forward)

Answer 12

Protraction

Question 13

What type of movement creates a posterior movement? (ex: shoulders moving backward and pushing chest out)

Answer 13

Retraction

Question 14

Protraction and retraction usually occur in which plane?

Answer 14

Transverse

Question 15

What type of movement occurs when the distal end of a limb makes a circle while the proximal end is stationary?

Answer 15

Circumduction

Question 16

What type of movement happens when a bone spins on its long (lateral) axis?

Answer 16

Rotation

Question 17

What is the difference in external and medial rotation?

Answer 17

External rotation the anterior surface spins away from the midline, in medial rotation the anterior surface spins towards the midline

Question 18

What type of movement moves the palm to face anteriorly?

Answer 18

Supination (radius and ulna become parallel)

Question 19

What type of movement moves the palm to face posteriorly?

Answer 19

Pronation (radius crosses ulna)

Question 20

What are the four special movements of the mandible?

Answer 20

1. Protraction (moving jaw forward)
2. Retraction (moving jaw backward)
3. Lateral excursion (moving jaw to side while chewing)
4. Medial excursion (moving jaw back towards center)

Question 21

Give examples of how muscles are named by size

Answer 21

Maximum
Medius
Minimus
Longus
Brevis
Vastus

Question 22

Give examples of how muscles are named by shape

Answer 22

Deltoid (delta/triangle)
Trapezius
Latissimus (wide)
Teres (round)

Question 23

Give examples of how muscles are named by orientation of fibers

Answer 23

Rectus
Orbicularis
Transverse
Oblique

Question 24

Give examples of how muscles are named by location (specific body regions)

Answer 24

Frontalis
Femoris
Brachii

Question 25

Give examples of how muscles are named by attachment

Answer 25

Attachment sites on bones | Formerly referred to as origin and insertion

Question 26

Give examples of how muscles are named by number of attachments

Answer 26

Biceps Triceps Quadriceps

Question 27

Give examples of how muscles are named by action

Answer 27

Flexor Extensor Adductor Levator

Question 28

What is action in terms of muscles?

Answer 28

Movement produced by a muscle

Question 29

What are the 4 actions of muscle groups?

Answer 29

1. Prime Mover (agonist) 2. Synergist 3. Antagonist 4. Fixator

Question 30

What does the Prime Mover (agonist) do? Example?

Answer 30

Produces most of the force | Ex: brachialis when flexing the elbow

Question 31

What does the Synergist do? Example?

Answer 31

Muscle that aids the prime mover May stabilize joint and restrict unwanted movement Ex: Biceps brachii working with the brachialis when flexing elbow

Question 32

What does the Antagonist do? Example?

Answer 32

Muscle that opposes the prime mover Exerts braking action and makes action smoother Ex: Triceps brachii antagonistic to brachialis

Question 33

What does the Fixator do? Example?

Answer 33

Muscle that restricts bone from moving | Allows another muscle attached to pull on something else

Question 34

Muscle fibers are organized into _____

Answer 34

Fascicles

Question 35

What are the four patterns of fascicle arrangements?

Answer 35

1. Circular 2. Parallel 3. Convergent 4. Pennate

Question 36

Describe circular fascicles

Answer 36

- Concentrically arranged around an opening | - Acts as a sphincter to close a passageway or opening (ex: orbits, mouth, anus)

Question 37

Describe parallel fascicles

Answer 37

- Parallel to the long axis of the muscle - Body of muscle increases in diameter with contraction - Not very strong, lots of endurance

Question 38

Describe convergent fascicles

Answer 38

- Triangular muscle with common attachment site - Direction of pull of muscle can be changed - Does not pull as hard as equal-sized parallel muscle

Question 39

Describe pennate fascicles and their 3 subtypes

Answer 39

- Fascicles arranged obliquely to one or more tendons - Pulls harder than a parallel muscle of equal size - Unipennate: muscle fibers on one side of tendon - Bipennate: muscle fibers on both sides of tendon - Multipennate: tendon branches within muscle

Question 40

What are the two (typically) strongest types of muscle fascicles?

Answer 40

Bipennate and Multipennate

Question 41

What are intrinsic muscles?

Answer 41

Both attachments (origin and insertion) contained within a particular region

Question 42

What are extrinsic muscles?

Answer 42

Acts upon a designated region but has its origin elsewhere