Chapter 11: Music and Speech Flashcards
(23 cards)
Music
A way to express thought and emotion
Components of musical note
Fundamental Frequency (Determines Name)
-A-G
-Octaves have a 2:1 ratio of fundamental frequencies
Tone Chroma
Sound quality shared by notes with the same octave interval
Tone Height
Difference in sound quality of notes
Absolute pitch (Perfect Pitch)
Very rare and can instantly know what note is what
Harmonics
-Give notes tonal quality/timbre
-Whole multiples of fundamental
-Missing the fundamental frequency does not affect the perception of the pitch
Chord
Combinations of three or more notes played at the same time
Major/Minor are main two types
Two Overall Types:
-Consonant Chords
–Pleasing and clean
–Major and minor
-Dissonant
–Sound Tense and dirty
–Diminished chords and Augmented Chords
Perception of music from chords
Different chords elicit different emotional responses
-Major = Happy
-Minor = Sad
Chords “prime” different emotional constructs
-Consonant = Positive
-Dissonant = Negative
Affective Priming Task
-Priming chord -> Identify target word
-Faster RT when prime and word share emotional valance
Melody
-Sequence of notes or chords perceived as a coherent structure
-Dominant phrase in music
Rhythm
-Sequence of accented and unaccented beats
-People create rhythm naturally
Syncopation- perceiving two distinct rhythms grouped together
Deutsch’s speech to song illusion
Occurs when spoken phrase is heard as melody
Octave Illusion
Perception of grouping together of notes that differ in octaves
Tritones
-Pair of Shepard tones on opposite sides of the pitch circle
-Semitones are not opposites
Three steps to speech
-Respiration
-Phonation
-Articulation
Articulation
Step that alters initial speech sounds
-Manipulating jaws, lips, tongue, body
-Placement of tongue influences vowel sounds
Formation of Consonant Sounds
-Place of articulation
-Manner of articulation
–Obstructed airflow
-Voicing
–Whether the vocal cords are vibrating or not
Formants
Concentrated groups of frequencies that are produced by vowel sounds
-Labeled F1-F3
Sound Spectrogram
3D plot of intensity of the frequencies in a speech sound over time
Formant Transitions
-T1-T3
-Come from consonants and articulation
-Unintelligible alone
Phonemes
Basic speech sounds that carry no meaning
-However, they can change meaning
Speech Sounds Lack Invariance
-Phonemes will change in sound based on what proceeds and follows
-Overlap in the production of phonemes is coarticulation
Categorical perception of phonemes
Despite coarticulation changing signals, we don’t perceive “b-like”, it’s just “b”
Voice Onset Time
-Delay between articulation and voicing
-Affects only voiced consonants
-Gap between consonant and the follow
McGurk Effect
- If you hear a phoneme (Bah) but see someone voicing (Gah), there is a different sound
