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AP World History II (Modern) > Chapter 11: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Pastoral Peoples on the Global Stage Flashcards

(100 cards)

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1
Q

When did economies based on livestock production (pastoralists) emerge

A

about 4000 B.C.E

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2
Q

What types of livestock were pastoralists dependent on

A

horses, camels, goats, sheep, cattle, yaks, and reindeer

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3
Q

Where did pastoralist societies take shape

A

inner grasslands of Eurasia and sub-Saharan Africa, Arabian and Sahara deserts, subarctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, and the high plateau of Tibet

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4
Q

What was more productive economically and could support more people, agricultural or pastoral societies

A

agricultural

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5
Q

Were pastoral societies usually nomadic or sedentary

A

nomadic

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6
Q

Did pastoral values distinguish between class

A

usually didn’t; stressed equality and individual achievement (though they held slaves)

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7
Q

In which society did women have a greater role and more freedoms, agricultural or pastoral

A

pastoral

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8
Q

How were pastoralists dependent and deeply connected to their agricultural neighbors

A

they sought access to foodstuffs, manufactured goods, and luxury items

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9
Q

Why was a large state among pastoralists challenging to form

A

they often lacked the surplus wealth to form one

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10
Q

How did large pastoralist states extract wealth

A

raiding, trading, and exortion

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11
Q

At times pastoralists adopted these agricultural religions through cultural interaction

A

Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, Manichaeism, and Christianity

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12
Q

What significant change helped allow pastoralists to master environments which were unsuitable for agriculture

A

horseback riding

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13
Q

What enabled the possibility of pastoral empires

A

mastery of mounted warfare

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14
Q

Who founded the Xiongnu Empire

A

Modun (ruled 210-174 B.C.E.)

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15
Q

Where was the Xiongnu Empire formed

A

the Mongolian steppes

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16
Q

What did the Xiongnu provide a model for

A

later Turkic and Mongol Empires

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17
Q

When did pastoralists leave their most significant mark on world history

A

during the era of third wave civilizations (~500-1500 C.E.)

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18
Q

What allowed pastoral Bedouin Arabs to become effective camelback fighters

A

the development of a reliable camel saddle

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19
Q

Where did southern Siberian and Mongolian Turkic speaking pastoralists migrate to using the inroads they made

A

they migrate westward

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20
Q

What did southern Siberian and Mongolian Turkic speaking pastoralists create after they migrated westward

A

a series of empires between 552 and 965 C.E. (all lasting about a century)

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21
Q

Where did Turkic culture spread

A

much of inner Asia and beyond

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22
Q

In what empire did Turks begin to claim the Muslim title “sultan”

A

the Seljuk Empire

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23
Q

in the longer lasting Turkic dynasties what happened to pastoralism

A

it got mostly replaced with agriculture

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24
Q

What led to pastoral Berber socieities

A

the introduction of the camel in northern Africa and the Sahara

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25
What group built the Almoravid Empire in the 1000s
Islamic Sanhaja Berbers
26
Who formed the largest land-based empire in history (after breaking out from their homeland)
The Mongols
27
What two societies did the Mongol Empire join together
agricultural and pastoral
28
What 3 civilizations did the Mongol Empire bring in direct contact
Europe, China, and the Islamic World
29
in relation to its size and reputation, the Mongol Empire left a modest ______ impact on the world
cultural
30
Who recognized Temujin as Chinggis Khan
a Mongol tribal assembly (from 1206)
31
What started a 50 year Mongol world war
a major attack on China in 1209
32
What did Chinggis Khan see conquests as
a mission to unite the entire world
33
What were Mongol numbers like during war
they were greatly outnumebred
34
What was the key to Mongol success
their well led, organized, and disciplined military which remained loyal
35
What happened if any solider deserted in a Mongol military unit
the entire unit is killed
36
What did the Mongols have a reputation for in war
brutality and utter destructiveness
37
What allowed the Mongols to mobalize
elaborate census, taxation system (for conquered peoples), system of relay stations
38
Who were given lower administrative posts in the Mongol Empire
Chinese and Muslim officials
39
How long did the Mongol conquest of China take; was it easy or difficult
70 years (1209-1279); it was difficult
40
Was the conquest of southern China less or more violent than the north
less
41
What did the Chinese believe about Mongol rule
they believed the Mongols were granted the Mandate of Heaven
42
What did the Mongols do in agricultural areas which they didn't know how to govern
they used Chinese administrative practices and taxation techniques
43
What is modern name of the new capital in China which the Mongols built named Khanbalik (city of the khan)
Beijing
44
What did many of Khubilai Khan's policies reflect
values of benevolent Confucian inspired Chinese emperors
45
What did Marco Polo say about Mongol treatment of Chinese
He said they treated them like slaves
46
What did the Mongols heavily rely on in administration
foreigners in administration
47
By Chinese standard, how was Mongol treatment of women
they were considered relatively free
48
Who led the 2nd attack on Persia
Chinggis Khan's grandson Hulegu
49
Where were the Mongols transformed more, China or Persia
Persia
50
What brought an end to the Abbasid caliphate
The sacking of Baghdad in 1258
51
What did Ghazan (1295-1304) attempt to do in Persia
he attempted to repair earlier Mongol damage
52
What did some Mongols in the Il-Khanate convert to
Islam
53
What did some Mongols in the Il-Khanate take up
agriculture
54
When did the Mongol Empire collapse
1330s
55
What did the Mongols do after devastating Russia and why?
they didn't occupy it but exploited it because it had little to offer
56
What was the primary Mongol tribute collector
Moscow
57
Who flourished in Russia due to Mongol conquest
some Russian princes and the Russian Orthodox Church
58
In what region were Mongol rulers much less assimilated
Russia
59
What did Russia adopt from the Mongols
weaponry, diplomatic rituals, court practices, tax system, and military draft
60
When did the Russians break free from Mongol rules
by the end of the 15th century
61
Did the Mongols produce much for distant markets
no
62
Why did the Mongols promote international commerce
because it was a source of tax revenue
63
What did the Mongols do to the security of the trade routes in the Empire
They made them relatively secure
64
How did the Mongol trading circuit play into the larger Afro-Eurasian commercial network
it was central to the larger network
65
What did Mongol intrusion into Eastern Europe cause the pope and other European rulers to do
they sent out diplomatic missions to the Mongols which brought back valuable info about the east
66
What happened with the relationship between the Chinese and Persian courts
they developed close relationships
67
What happened to craftsmen and educated people that fell under Mongol occupations
they were relocated as part of Mongol policy
68
What did Mongol religious tolerance and support of merchants draw in
missionaries and traders
69
Where did Chinese art and technology spread
westward
70
Where did Islamic astronomy spread to
China
71
Who particularly benefited from the new found contact with Asia
Europe
72
Where the the Black Death spread in the early 14th century
Mongol trade routes in Central Asia
73
Where did the Black Death break out
in northeastern China in 1331
74
By when did the plague reach the Middle East and Western Europe
by 1347
75
When did the plague reach East Africa
1409
76
Approx. how much of Europe's population died during the initial outbreak of the Black Death (1348-1350)
Approx. half
77
Approx. how much of the Middle East's population died by the early 15th century to the plague
Approx. a third
78
Did the Black Death return
yes, it periodically returned for centuries
79
What areas were much less affected by the Black Death
India and sub-Saharan Africa
80
How did the Black Death change European society in the long term
Labor shortages undermining serfdom and fostered greater interest in technological innovation
81
What did the Black Death create for women for a time in Europe
more employment
82
What was a primary reason for the breakdown of the Mongol Empire in the 14th to 15th centuries
The plague
83
How did the Black Death effect trade volume
it was reduced due to population contraction
84
What areas had the Mongol empire lost control of within a century of its breakdown
China, Persia, and Russia
85
What did Europeans switch to due to the disruption of land routes
sea trade
86
What are the 4 khanates
The Golden Horde, Il-Khanate, Chagatai (not really important), and the Yuan dynasty
87
Who led the Il-Khanate
Hulegu
88
What did Kublai do with the civil service exam
He kept it
89
What was the last khanate to leave the Mongol Empire
The Golden Horde
90
What was pax mongolica
a period when interregional trade was promoted and protected in the Mongol Empire
91
How did Temujin/Chinggis Khan use meritocracy
he rewarded loyal people to better ranks
92
Who did Temujin ally with during his uprising and what is this group called
allied with his friends; kinship
93
What's a bureaucrat
a paid government official
94
What happened to Mongols in China after the fall of the Mongol Empire
they went back to Mongolia
95
What happened to Mongols in Persia after the fall of the Mongol Empire
they became assimilated
96
How did the Mongols help the Russian Orthodox Church
by giving it tax exemptions
97
What were the other 4 non-Mongol pastoral societies
Almoravid, Berbers, (Bedouni) Arabs, and Turks
98
Why didn't the Mongols expand int Western Europe and the Levant
because they had to pause the conquest for a funeral and gave up on it when they came back to it
99
How did Hulegu treat Jews and Christians after converting to Islam
he supported their persecution
100
Who founded/invaded the Golden Horde
Batu Khan

AP World History II (Modern) (1 decks)

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