Chapter 11 - Protein Synthesis

Question 1

The two stages of protein synthesis are called………. and ………..

Answer 1

Transcription and translation

Question 2

Which stage comes first, translation or transcription?

Answer 2

Transcription

Question 3

What shape is DNA?

Answer 3

Double helix

Question 4

What does a DNA nucleotide consist of?

Answer 4

Deoxyribose (sugar), phosphate, and one of four bases.

Question 5

What are the four bases of DNA?

Answer 5

Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Thymine

Question 6

What are the four bases of RNA?

Answer 6

Guanine
Cytosine
Adenine
Uracil

Question 7

What are the complementary pairs of DNA?

Answer 7

Guanine and Cytosine

Adenine and Thymine

Question 8

What are the complementary pairs of RNA?

Answer 8

Guanine and Cytosine

Adenine and Uracil

Question 9

What does DNA stand for?

Answer 9

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

Question 10

What does RNA stand for?

Answer 10

Ribonucleic acid

Question 11

What is mRNA?

Answer 11

Messenger RNA

Question 12

What is rRNA?

Answer 12

Ribosomal RNA

Question 13

What is tRNA?

Answer 13

Transfer RNA

Question 14

How are two strands of DNA held together?

Answer 14

Hydrogen bonds

Question 15

How is a polypeptide held together?

Answer 15

Peptide bonds

Question 16

Where on the nucleotide is the base attached?

Answer 16

The sugar

Question 17

Which strand does mRNA code from?

Answer 17

The leading strand

Question 18

How does mRNA enter the cytoplasm?

Answer 18

Through nuclear pores.

Question 19

A chain of amino acids is called a ……………….

Answer 19

Polypeptide

Question 20

During transcription, the DNA base order is copied to a strand of complementary……………….

Answer 20

mRNA

Question 21

The enzyme that attaches to DNA and unzips/separates the strand is called……………………….

Answer 21

RNA polymerase

Question 22

The mRNA strand attaches to what?

Answer 22

A ribosome

Question 23

tRNA molecules carry ………………..

Answer 23

Amino acids

Question 24

The ribosome links together what?

Answer 24

Amino acids carried by tRNA molecules

Question 25

What is a codon?

Answer 25

A triplet of bases on the mRNA strand that contain the code for an amino acid

Question 26

Give the name of an enzyme

Answer 26

``` Lipase Amylase RNA polymerase Carbohydrate Sucrase ```

Question 27

Give the name of a protein

Answer 27

Enzyme | Keratin

Question 28

What attaches to codons?

Answer 28

Anti-codons on tRNA molecules

Question 29

What is the product of translation?

Answer 29

Polypeptides

Question 30

What is the product of transcription?

Answer 30

mRNA

Question 31

What happens to a polypeptide to make it a protein?

Answer 31

It folds up into a specific 3D shape

Question 32

In which part of the cell dos transcription occur?

Answer 32

Nucleus

Question 33

Which enzyme is needed for transcription?

Answer 33

RNA polymerase

Question 34

What determines the order of amino acids?

Answer 34

The base sequence in the DNA strand

Question 35

The way a protein functions in the body is dependant upon...

Answer 35

The order of amino acids in the protein chain.

Question 36

What is a gene?

Answer 36

Sections of DNA that carry a code for making a protein. The gene code determines the order of amino acids to be built into a protein.

Question 37

If there is an alteration to the gene code, what could happen?

Answer 37

The protein could be built incorrectly, which may affect its function.

Question 38

What is the genome?

Answer 38

The full set of DNA in a cell.

Question 39

What are the monomers of DNA?

Answer 39

Nucleotides

Question 40

What is DNA fingerprinting?

Answer 40

It is analysis of the order of bases within an individual’s DNA. It can be used to establish whether people are related, or if a person was present at a crime scene.

Question 41

Who worked out the structure of DNA, and when?

Answer 41

James Watson and Francis Crick, in 1953 (building upon work done by Rosalind Franklin)

Question 42

What is the order of bases used to produce?

Answer 42

A single-stranded RNA molecule

Question 43

Building proteins from the code in a gene is called......

Answer 43

Protein synthesis

Question 44

What is the difference between RNA and DNA?

Answer 44

The sugar is ribose, not deoxyribose, and there is no thymine base—they are replaced by uracil.

Question 45

What makes the RNA strand?

Answer 45

An enzyme called RNA polymerase.

Question 46

How is RNA made?

Answer 46

The RNA polymerase separates the two strands of DNA at the place where the gene is, and uses one of the strands (called the template strand) to join together RNA nucleotides in the right order using the base pairing rules.

Question 47

The RNA strand made by RNA polymerase is called....

Answer 47

mRNA.

Question 48

Where does mRNA travel from and to

Answer 48

Out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it attaches to a ribosome.

Question 49

What do ribosomes ‘read’?

Answer 49

Codons.

Question 50

What brings amino acids to the ribosome?

Answer 50

tRNA

Question 51

tRNAs have particular what?

Answer 51

Anti-codons that are specific to the amino acid.

Question 52

The ribosome joins the amino acids together to form a polymer called a ................. which will become a protein.

Answer 52

Polypeptide.

Question 53

What happens when all the mRNA has been read by the ribosome?

Answer 53

The polypeptide is released from the ribosome. It then folds automatically into the right 3D shape to become a functional protein.