Chapter 11 - Psychological Disorders Flashcards
(138 cards)
1
Q
Behaviour that makes it difficult to function, to adapt to the environment, and to meet everyday demands
A
Maladaptive behaviour
2
Q
What are the advantages of labelling?
A
- common language
- presumed etiology (causes)
- treatment indicators
3
Q
Manual published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) for describing and classifying mental disorders
A
DSM-4, DSM-5
4
Q
NORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Scientific study of mental, emotional and behavioural disorders
A
Psychopathology
5
Q
NORMAL BEHAVIOUR
- Feelings of discomfort, unhappiness or emotional distress dimension, such as intelligence, anxiety or depression
- Does not always cause a person anguish
- Can make someone feel “on top of the world”
A
Subjective Discomfort
6
Q
NORMAL BEHAVIOUR
- Having extreme scores (high or low) on some dimension such as intelligence, anxiety or depression
- Statistics can’t tell us where to draw the line between normal and abnormal
A
Statistical abnormality
7
Q
NORMAL BEHAVIOUR
- Disobeying societal standards for normal conduct; usually leads to destructive or self-destructive behaviour (think of a drug abuser)
- Does not automatically indicate psychopathology
A
Social nonconformity
8
Q
NORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Social situation, behaviour setting, or general circumstances in which an action takes place.
A
Situational context
9
Q
NORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Judgments are made relative to the values of one’s culture
A
Cultural relativity
10
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Significant impairment in psychological functioning
A
Mental / psychological disorder
11
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Severe psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and delusions, social withdrawal, and move away from reality
A
Psychotic disorder
12
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Mental or emotional problem caused by brain pathology (brain injuries or diseases)
A
Organic mental disorder (neurological)
13
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
- Characterized by extreme and unwarranted disturbances in feelings or mood
- Major depression
- Bipolar disorder
A
Mood disorder
14
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
- Generalized feeling of apprehension, fear, or tension that may be associated with a particular object or situation or may be free-floating, not associated with anything specific.
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder
- Panic Disorder
- Phobic Disorder
- Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A
Anxiety Disorder
15
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
- Physical symptoms that mimic disease or injury (blindness, anesthesia) for which there is no identifiable physical cause
- Hypochondriasis
- Conversion Disorder
A
Somatoform Disorder
16
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-A mental condition in which a person has blindness, paralysis or other nervous system (neurologic) symptoms that cannot be explained by medical evaluation
A
Conversion Disorder
17
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Temporary amnesia, multiple personality, or depersonalization (being in a dream world, feeling like a robot, feeling like you’re outside of your body)
A
Dissociative disorder
18
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Inability to remember information or events
A
Dissociative amnesia
19
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
- Amnesia + adopting a new life identity
A
Dissociative Fugue
20
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Multiple personality disorder
A
Dissociative identity disorder
21
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Deeply ingrained, unhealthy, maladaptive personality patterns
A
Personality disorder
22
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Pervasive suspiciousness
A
Paranoid
23
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Pervasive disregarde for rights and welfare of others
A
Antisocial
24
Q
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
-Avoidance of relationships, over-sensitivity to criticism
A
Avoidant
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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
| -Intense needs for reassurance and to be taken care of
Dependant
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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
| -Inflexibility and desire for perfection
Obsessive-Compulsive
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ABNORMAL BEHAVIOUR
| -Problems with sexual identity, deviant sexual behaviour, or sexual adjustment
Sexual and gender identity disorder
28
RISK FACTOR
| -Poverty, homelessness, overcrowding, stressful living conditions
Social conditions
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RISK FACTOR
-Parents who are immature, mentally ill, abusive or criminal; poor child discipline; severe marital or relationship problems
Family factors
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RISK FACTOR
| -low intelligence, stress, learning disorders
Psychological factors
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RISK FACTOR
-genetic defects or inherited vulnerabilities; poor parental care, head injuries, exposure to toxins, chronic physical illness or disability
Biological factors
32
A legal term; refers to an inability to manage one’s affairs or to be aware of the consequences of one’s actions
Insanity
33
- Person recognized by a court of law as being qualified to give expert testimony on a specific topic
- Can be a psychologist, psychiatrist etc.
Expert witness
34
PERSONALITY DISORDER
- a person who lacks a conscience; typically emotionally shallow, impulsive, selfish and manipulative if others
- often times called psychopaths or sociopaths
- many are delinquents or criminals, but many are not crazed murderers displayed on television (Ted Bundy)
- they create a good first impression and are often charming, also very intelligent
Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
35
What psychological disorder is represented by these causes and treatments?
- causes: childhood history of emotional deprivation, neglect, and psychical abuse, underarousal of the brain in certain areas, poor attachment to caregivers
Treatments: difficult to treat as the patient will lie and seem charming and manipulate
Antisocial personality disorder (APD)
36
Feelings of apprehension, dread or uneasiness
Anxiety
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- When ongoing stressors cause emotional disturbance and push people beyond their ability to effectively cope
- Usually suffer sleep disturbances, irritability and depression
- Examples of stressors: grief reactions, lengthy physical illness, unemployment
Adjustment disorders
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When stress seems greatly out of proportion to the situation at hand
Anxiety Disorders
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- Chronic feeling of apprehension and worry about impending disaster
- unable to turn off the worry process
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
40
What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent
- physiological symptoms: palpitations, sweating, flushing, diarrhea, headaches, dizziness, nausea, muscle tension
- psychological: persistent nervousness and worry, restlessness, fatigue, insomnia, irritability, difficulty concentrating
GAD
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What psychological disorder do these causes represent
- genetic factors: heritability about 30%
- more women than men
GAD
42
What psychological disorder do these treatments represent
- drugs: anti-anxiety, antidepressants
- therapy
GAD
| Panic disorder
43
A chronic state of anxiety with brief moments of sudden, intense, unexpected panic
Panic disorder (without agoraphobia)
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- feels like one is having a heart attack, going to die, or is going insane
- an acute (short-term) and sudden overwhelming state of terror and feeling of impending doom
- symptoms include vertigo, chest pains, choking, fear of losing control
Panic attack
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Panic attacks and sudden anxiety still occur, but with agoraphobia
Panic disorder with agoraphobia
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What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent
- physiological: heart palpitations, chest pain, feeling of choking, trembling, sweating, dizziness
- psychological: terror, fear of dying, feeling of going crazy, fear of losing control
Panic disorder
47
What psychological disorder do these causes represent
- genetic factors: heritability about 30%
- neurochemical abnormality: adrenergic receptors (noradrenaline or adrenaline)
- pet scans: increases blood flow to lambic system of brain
- high stress
- misinterpretation of bodily sensations
Panic disorder
48
An intense and unrealistic fear of some specific object or situation
Phobic disorder
49
What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent
- physiological: heightened SNS (sympathetic nervous system), to the point of shaking or screaming
- psychological: compelling desire to avoid of escape the object or situation and recognition that the fear is unrealistic
Phobic disorder
50
Fear of specific object or situation
Specific phobia
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- Fear of public places
- Fear of leaving your house or entering unfamiliar situations
- Can be very crippling
Agoraphobia
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- Fear presence of others
| - Intense irrational fear of being observed, evaluated, humiliated or embarrassed by others
Social phobia
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What psychological disorder do these causes represent
- Through learning: classical conditioning *establish a phobia, operant conditioning (negative reinforcement) *maintains the phobia, observational learning or modelling (vicarious conditioning)
Social phobia
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What psychological disorder do these treatments represent
- therapy
- systematic desensitization: training in relaxation and developing an anxiety hierarchy of the feared stimulus
- flooding: exposure to the feared stimulus
Social phobia
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Extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of certain behaviours
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
56
Recurring images or thoughts that a person cannot prevent
- causes anxiety and extreme discomfort
- enter into consciousness against the person’s will
Obsession
57
Irrational acts that a person feels compelled to repeat against his/her will
- help to control anxiety created by obsessions
- checkers and cleaners
- cleanliness, checking, counting, collecting, ordering
Compulsion
58
What psychological disorder do these causes represent?
- genetic factors
- increased glucose in regions of the brain where there is emotional reaction
- imbalanced levels of serotonin
Obsessive - compulsive disorder
59
What are the treatments for OCD
Therapy: behaviour modification
Antidepressants
Anti anxiety
60
Occurs when stresses outside range of normal human experience cause major emotional disturbance
- affect many political hostages, prisoners of war, victims of terrorism, violent crimes, child molestation, rape and people who witness death or injury of another person
Stress disorders
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What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent
| - reliving traumatic event repeatedly, avoiding stimuli associated with the event, and numbing of emotions
Stress disorders
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Psychological disturbance lasting up to one month following stresses from a traumatic event
Acute stress disorder
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Lasts more than one month after the traumatic event has occurred; may last for years and is typically associated with combat or violent crimes (rape, assault etc.)
PTSD
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- Person expresses anxieties through numerous physical complaints
- Physical problems that have no known physiological cause
Soma to form disorders
65
- Person is preoccupied with having a serious illness or disease
- Interpret normal sensations and bodily signs as prof that they have a terrible disease
- No physical disorder can be found
Hypochondriasis
66
What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent
- no illness, but convinced of illness
- angry if told everything is ok by doctors
- convinced of no recovery
- vague symptoms
- preoccupied with body and functions and health
- many doctors and lots of meds
Hypochondriasis
67
What are the causes of hypochondriasis
Unknown
| Possibly inferred anxiety
68
Wha pt are the treatments for hypochondriasis
Not easily treated and usually poor chance of recovery
69
- Severe emotional conflicts are “converted” into psychological symptoms or a physical disability
- Sudden loss of sensory or motor functioning
- Caused by anxiety or emotional distress but not physical causes
- If symptoms disappear when a victim is asleep, hypnotized or anaesthetized a conversion reaction must be suspected
Conversion disorder
70
What are the symptoms of conversion disorder
- physical symptoms
- no illness
- symptoms may be inconsistent
- la “belle indifference”
71
What psychological disorder do these causes represent
| - possibly unconscious defence against any intolerable anxiety
Conversion disorder
72
Treatment for conversion disorder
Insight therapy
73
A sudden alteration in consciousness that affects memory and identity
Dissociative disorders
74
Inability to recall one’s name, address, or past.
| Memory loss is partial or complete for personal information
Dissociative amnesia
75
What are the symptoms of dissociative amnesia
Triggered by stress
Past is forgotten
Personality stays consistent
76
What are the causes of dissociative amnesia
Unconscious defence mechanism (repression) against intolerable anxiety
77
What are treatments for dissociative amnesia
Insight therapy
78
Sudden travel away from home and confusion about personal identity
Dissociative fugue
79
What psychological disorder do these symptoms represent
- triggered by stress
- physical fight (fugue)
- all or part of the past forgotten
- adopt a new identity but personality is most consistent
Dissociative fugue
80
What are the causes of dissociative fugue
Usually a reaction to some severe psychological stress, such as natural disaster
81
Is dissociative fugue treatable
It is difficult to treat
82
Person who has 2 or more distinct, separate identities or personality traits; previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder
Dissociative Identity Disorder
83
What are some symptoms of dissociative personality disorder
- one part of the mind separates from the rest
- not insane
- personality switch triggered by stress
84
What is the main cause of dissociative personality disorder
95% of cases usually had a history of severe physical and/or sexual abuse
85
What is the treatment for dissociative personality disorder
Psychotherapy
86
Major disturbance in emotion such as depression or mania
Mood disorder
87
Sadness or despondency are prolonged, exaggerated, or unreasonable
Depressive disorder
88
Involve both depression and mania or hypomania (mild mania)
Bipolar disorder
89
A mood disorder where the person has suffered one or more intense episodes of depression; one of the more serious mood disorders
Major depression
90
What are some symptoms of major depression
- overwhelming sadness
- despair; hopelessness
- loss of energy
91
What are the causes of major depression
- genetic inheritance
| - abnormal brain chemistry
92
What are some treatments of major depression
Anti-depressants and psychotherapy
93
Depression that seems to be produced from inside the body (due to chemical imbalance) and not from life events
Endogenous depression
94
Depression that occurs during fall and winter
Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
95
Extended exposure to bright light to treat SAD
Phototherapy
96
Suffer from periods of extreme highs (mania) and extreme lows (major depression)
Bipolar disorder
97
What are the symptoms of manic episodes
- excessive euphoria
- inflated self-esteem
- hyperactivity
- high optimism
- full of energy and high activity level
98
What are the causes of manic episodes
Genetic inheritance
| Abnormal brain chemistry
99
What are the treatments of mania
Antidepressants / lithium
100
Extreme mania and deep depression; one type of manic-depressive illness
Bipolar I Disorder
101
Excited, hyperactive, energetic, grandiose behaviour
Mania
102
Person is mainly sad but has one or more hypomanic episodes
Bipolar II Disorder
103
Loss of contact with reality marked by hallucinations, delusions, disturbed thoughts and emotions, and personality disorganization
Psychosis
104
Psychotic disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, apathy, thinking abnormalities and “split” between thoughts and emotions
Does not refer to having split or multiple personalities
Schizophrenia
105
What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia (something that is present but shouldn’t be)
Hallucinations, delusions , disorganized thinking and speech, bizarre behaviour
106
What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia (something that is absent but should be present)
Social withdrawal, apathy, loss of motivation, limited speech, slow movements, poor hygiene and grooming
107
Lack of emotional responsiveness (especially the face)
Flat affect
108
Garbled and chaotic speech; word salad (a bit like aphasia)
Disturbed verbal communication
109
Uncoordinated thoughts, actions and emotions. Normally found in personality
Personality disintegration
110
A sensory perception in the absence of any external sensory stimulus
Hallucinations
111
A false belief that cannot be changed despite strong evidence to the contrary
Delusion
112
Preoccupation with delusions of grandeur or persecution; also involves hallucinations that are related to a single theme.
Paranoid type schizophrenia
113
Incoherence, grossly / large disorganized behaviour, bizarre thinking and flat or inappropriate emotions
Disorganized type schizophrenia
114
Marked by stupor (absence of spontaneous movement) where victim may hold same position for hours or days; also unresponsive.
Catatonic type schizophrenia
115
Any type of schizophrenia that does not have paranoid, catatonic or disorganized features or symptoms
Undifferentiated type schizophrenia
116
What are the causes of schizophrenia
- genetic inheritance
- stress - vulnerability model : genetic predisposition + stress
- abnormal brain activity: excessive dopamine
- environmental factors
117
What are the treatments of schizophrenia
Anti-psychotic medication
| Psychotherapy
118
Psychosis caused by brain injury or disease
Organic psychosis
119
Most common organic psychosis; serious mental impairment in old age caused by brain deterioration.
Known as senility at times
Dementia
120
Most common cause of dementia; symptoms include impaired memory, confusion and progressive loss of mental abilities
Alzheimer’s
121
CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
| Psychological injury or shock, often caused by violence, abuse or neglect
Psychological trauma
122
CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
| Stressful or unhealthy family relationships, communication patterns and emotional atmosphere
Disturbed family environment
123
CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Cause guilt, anxiety, anger, confusion and turmoil. Typically disturbed families interact in ways that are laden with guilt, prying, criticism, negativity and emotional attacks
Deviant communication patterns
124
CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
Combination of environmental stress and inherited susceptibility cause schizophrenic disorders - the model seems to apply to other forms of psychopathology as well, such as depression
Stress-vulnerability hypothesis
125
Disturbance I’m brain’s chemical systems or in the brain’s neurotransmitters
Biochemical abnormalities
126
Neurotransmitter involved with emotions and muscle movement
| Works in limpid system
Dopamine
127
What are major risk factors for suicide
- drug or alcohol abuse
- prior attempt
- depression or other mod disorders
- availability to firearms
- severe anxiety or panic attacks
- family history of suicidal behaviour
- shame, humiliation, failure or rejection
128
What are the common characteristics of suicidal thoughts and feeling
- escape
- unbearable psychological pain
- frustrated psychological needs
- constriction of options
129
Emotional pain that the person wishes to escape
Unbearable psychological pain
130
Such as searching for love, achievement or security
Frustrated psychological needs
131
Feeling helpless and hopeless and deciding that death is the only option left
Constriction of options
132
What are the warning signs of suicide
- thinking of harming/killing self
- has a plan
- has access to means
- has begun goodbyes
- angry
- self-assessment of danger
133
What to do for suicide?
- do not be afraid to ask
- encourage contact with doctor, crisis line, hospital
- assist them in getting help
- let others know of risk
- if necessary, call family or police, stay with the person until safe
134
Any psychological treatment for behavioural or emotional problems
Psychotherapy
135
Drug therapy, electroshock or psychosurgery
Medical therapies
136
Person is places in a protected therapeutic environment staffed by mental health professionals
Mental hospitalization
137
Patients receive part of their treatment during the day at the hospital but return home at night
Partial hospitalization
138
Short term group living facilities; transitional care for those moving from institutions to independent living
Half-Way House
