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Psychology of Aging > Chapter 11: Relationships > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

What is friendship?

A

A mutual relationship in which those involved influence one another’s behavior and beliefs.

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2
Q

What are the five stages of friendship according to Levinger?

A

Acquaintanceship, Buildup, Continuation, Deterioration, and Ending

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3
Q

In what stage in life do people tend to have the most friends and acquaintances?

A

Young adulthood

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4
Q

What does the Social Baseline Theory suggest?

A

The human brain expects access to social relationships that mitigate risk and diminish the level of effort needed to meet a variety of goals by incorporating relational partners into neural representations of the self.

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5
Q

True or False. Close friendships change the way our brain functions.

A

True. Parts of our brain that are activated when we face a threatening situation alone do not activate when facing the same threat with a friend.

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6
Q

What are the three broad themes of adult friendships?

A
  1. Emotional basis (self-disclosure and intimacy)
  2. Communal nature (how much our friends have in common with us)
  3. Sociability and compatibility (the degree of fun they are to be around).
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6
Q

What four sources does trust form in online friendships?

A

Reputation, performance (what users do online), precommitment (self-disclosure), and situational factors.

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7
Q

What is socioemotional selectivity?

A

A theory that proposes that people seek out social contact for a variety of reasons (ex. information seeking, self-concept, emotional regulation).

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8
Q

Initiating social contact for information is a predominant goal for __________ adults while emotional regulation is a predominant goal for _________ adults

A

Young. Older.

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9
Q

True or false. Older adults are less selective in their social relationships and always prefer people who are different from them.

A

False. Older adults are more selective in social relationships and always prefer people who are familiar to them.

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10
Q

What are four characteristics of same-sex friendships that do not differ between men and women?

A
  1. Geographic proximity
  2. Similarity of interests and values
  3. Inclusion
  4. Symmetrical reciprocity
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11
Q

What three characteristics distinguish female same-sex friendships from male same-sex friendships?

A

Communion and self-disclosure, greater expectations for friends, and a greater risk of coruminatlon (extensive discussion of problems and focus on negative feelings).

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12
Q

How do cross-sex friendships benefit men?

A

They help lower dating anxiety and raise capacity for intimacy in men.

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13
Q

What are the three components of love that Sternberg found?

A

Passion, intimacy, and commitment

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14
Q

What components are high and low during the early stages of a romantic relationship?

A

Passion (infatuation) is high while intimacy and commitment are low

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15
Q

What components increase and decrease as a romantic relationship goes on?

A

Passion decreases while intimacy and commitment increase

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16
Q

What is the assortative mating theory?

A

A theory that states that people find partners based on how similar they are to each other.

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17
Q

How does speed dating differ from traditional dating? How is it similar?

A

Speed dating allows individuals to spend time with many people who are different from them.

More often, physically attractive, outgoing, and self-assured people are selected more and their dates run smoother.

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18
Q

How many people meet online for dating in the US?

A

1 in 5

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18
Q

True or False. There are global patterns of mate selection and romantic relationships.

A

True.

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19
Q

How many men and women in the US regret hookup sex?

A

3/4

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20
Q

What cultures are associated with more secure attachment relationships?

A

Cultures that have good healthcare, education, resources, and permit young ones to choose their own mates.

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21
Q

What is battered women syndrome?

A

A situation where a woman believes she cannot leave an abusive relationship and may go as afar as killing their abuser.

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22
Q

What are some factors that predict the likelihood of someone ending up in an abusive relationship?

A
  1. Being female
  2. Being Latina or African American
  3. Having an atypical family structure
  4. Having more romantic partners
  5. Having sexual activity at an early age
  6. Being a victim of child abuse
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23
Q

How many women and men experience physical assault and rape in romantic relationships eyer year in the US?

A

5 million women and 3 million men

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24
Q

True or False. Culture does not play an important role in contextualizing partner abuse.

A

False. Culture does play a major role. Many cases of violence against women worldwide reflect cultural traditions, beliefs, and values of patriarchal societies.

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25
Q

What is a common cause of women’s murders in Arab countries?

A

Honor killings

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26
Q

How many older adults are at risk of experiencing some type of abuse?

A

1 in 10

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27
Q

Do men or women remain single longer in younger adulthood?

A

Men

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28
Q

Why is singlehood increasing in Latinos in the US?

A

Average age of Latinos is lower than other ethnic groups and poor economic opportunities.

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29
Q

Why may someone choose to remain single?

A

Cultural traditions, personal choice, or economic decisions

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30
Q

Cohabition in the US has _______ over the years.

A

Increased.

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31
Q

How many women cohabit with a partner in their first committed relationship?

A

More than 1/2

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32
Q

In what countries is cohabitation a common alternative to marriage?

A

European, South American, and Caribbean countries

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33
Q

Does cohabitation make marriages better according to research?

A

No. In some cases, it can cause more harm than good and cause lower-quality marriages. The happiest cohabiting couples are the ones who look like happy married couples.

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34
Q

In what way do LGBTQ+ couples differ from heterosexual couples?

A

LGBTQ+ couples tend to be more dissimilar in demographic characteristics like race and age. The only except is education

35
Q

What LGBTQ+ group in older adults experiences more social isolation than others?

A

Transgender older adults

36
Q

What are three important predictors of a successful marriage?

A

Age, homogamy, and feeling of equality in a relationship

37
Q

Are younger or older partners more likely to last together in a marriage?

A

Older

38
Q

What is homogamy?

A

The similarity of values and interests a couple shares (ex. age, values, socioeconomic status, goals, attitudes, etc.)

39
Q

What is exchange theory?

A

The theory that marriage is based on each partner contributing something to the relationship that the other would be hard-pressed to provide.

40
Q

The state of a marriage is determined by _________

A

The nature of dependence of each spouse on the other.

41
Q

What is the vulnerability stress adaptation model of marriage by Karney and Bradbury?

A

It is a model that characterizes marital quality as a dynamic process that changes based on the couple’s ability to handle stressful events in the context of their personal vulnerabilities and resources.

42
Q

According to Karney and Bradbury’s model, if a couple gets better at handling stressful situations over time, what will happen to their marriage?

A

It will improve

43
Q

What is marriage like in the early stages?

A

Couples feel great adoration for their partner. Marital satisfaction is high.

44
Q

What happens to a couple’s marital satisfaction as time goes on?

A

It declines as more stressors are presented.

45
Q

What is marriage like during midlife?

A

Couples either feel marital satisfaction increase or decrease depending on how their satisfaction was before their children left. They may use the time together to rediscover each other while others don’t wish to spend more time together.

46
Q

What is marriage like during old age?

A

Marital satisfaction increases after retirement but then decreases with health problems and advancing age.

47
Q

What are three characteristics of old married couples?

A
  • Older couples have a selective memory regarding the occurrence of negative events and perceptions
  • They have a reduced potential for conflict and a greater potential for pleasure
  • Old married couples develop adaptive ways to avoid conflict and grow more alike
48
Q

What are the benefits of being married at old age?

A

Marriage helps people deal better with chronic illness, functional problems, and disabilities.

49
Q

What happens to marital satisfaction in later life when one partner gets sick with a chronic illness?

A

It tends to decrease as caregiving responsibilities put great stress on the marriage. It may stay the same depending on how satisfied the couple was before.

50
Q

According to studies, what are the odds of a couple remaining married for life in the US?

A

50/50

51
Q

According to Gottman, what is a predictor of early divorce (first seven years)?

A

Negative emotions displayed during conflict (criticism, defensiveness, stonewalling).

52
Q

According to Gottoman, what is a predictor of later divorce (when first child reaches 14)?

A

Lack of positive emotions in daily interactions and during conflict

53
Q

What are the typical effects of divorce?

A

Divorced people are typically unhappy for a while and suffer negative health consequences due to stress. They will also have financial difficulties because of the loss of income.

54
Q

Are men or women more likely to remarry after a divorce?

A

Men

55
Q

What are some challenges of remarriage?

A

Antagonism towards ex-spouse over custody of child, differing loyalties among stepchildren, and financial difficulties.

56
Q

True or False. Parental divorce does not have long-term consequences on attitudes toward marriage and divorce.

A

False. It can have long-term consequences. Children who are exposed to high parental conflict may have more positive views of divorce while those who were not may have more negative views.

57
Q

Are men or women more likely to be widows?

A

Women

57
Q

Typically, are remarriages more or less stable than first marriages?

A

Less stable. Usually because of pressures of complex family relationships, lower commitment, and financial pressures.

58
Q

What are three major problems that occur after being widowed?

A

Loneliness, financial difficulties, and increased likelihood of dying

59
Q

What does “living alone together” mean?

A

It is an arrangement where two older adults form a romantic relationship but maintain separate living arrangements.

60
Q

What is the most common form of family in Western societies? What is the most common form globally?

A

Nuclear family. Extended family.

61
Q

True or False. Potential parents do not deliberately plan or think deeply about when to have a child.

A

True

62
Q

How much does a typical family spend on food, housing, and other necessities for a child?

A

$284, 570

63
Q

What are the advantages of postponing childbirth?

A

Both parents are relatively more at ease, affectionate, and committed to their roles.

64
Q

How do African American husbands differ from European American husbands in terms of household chores?

A

They are more likely to help with household chores and provide a more loving, cohesive environment based on strong religious beliefs.

65
Q

How have Native American parents changed over the years?

A

Due to oppression, many Native American parents have lost traditional cultural parenting skills like how women are sacrad and children are valued.

66
Q

What two key values do Latino families possess?

A

Familism and extended family

67
Q

What is familism?

A

The idea that the wellbeing of the family takes precedence over the concerns of individual family members.

68
Q

What have single parents reported feeling as a single parent?

A

Failure, guilt, and a need to be overindulgent

68
Q

What percentage of births in the US are from non-married mothers?

A

40%

69
Q

Are African Americans or European Americans more likely to be single mothers?

A

African Americans

70
Q

What is a big issue for foster parents, adoptive parents, and stepparents regarding children?

A

Children who are old enough to form attachments with biological parents may have competing loyalties.

71
Q

What is a kinskeeper? Which gender tends to fulfill this role more?

A

A kinskeeper is a person who gathers family members together for celebrations and keeps them in touch with each other.

72
Q

How do parents usually feel when their child leaves home?

A

Usually, emotional bonds are disrupted. Mothers of all ethnic groups report feeling sad at the child leaving but positive about the potential for their relationship with he child to grow.

73
Q

Caring for older parents or in laws usually falls on the shoulders of what gender?

A

Females

74
Q

How many young adults in the US return to their parent’s homes after moving out?

A

1/2

75
Q

What is filial obligations?

A

The feeling of obligation for adult children to take care of their elderly parents.

76
Q

How many Americans provide unpaid care for older parents?

A

50 million

77
Q

What do professionals strongly advise adult caregivers to try avoiding?

A

Care provider burnout

78
Q

What are two rewards of adult caregiving?

A

Bringing parents and adult children closer together and providing a way for adult children to give back to their parents.

79
Q

True or False. All grandparents interact with their grandchildren in the same way.

A

False. Different grandparents have different styles of interacting with their grandparents. These styles can change as grandparents and grandchildren age.

80
Q

What are some needs that grandparents provide?

A

They pass down family history and teach grandchildren skills and cultural values.

81
Q

How is grand parenting viewed in African American families?

A

It is viewed as a central role that involves responsibilities like family storytelling and religious education.

82
Q

How do Latin and Native Americans view grandparenting?

A

Latin American grandparents are likely to view grandparenting as a way to help the family. They are more likely to participate in child-rearing.

Native American grandparents are likely to view grandparenting as a way to pass on cultural heritage to the next generation.

83
Q

True or False. Grandparents are less likely to have independent lives away from their grandchildren.

A

False. They are more likely because of geographical distance.

84
Q

True or False. There is a growing number of grandparents becoming primary caregivers of grandchildren.

A

True.

Psychology of Aging (10 decks)

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