Chapter 11: Stereotyping & Prejudice Flashcards
(21 cards)
Prejudice
Preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
Negative attitude
May cause people to dislike those who are different, behave discriminatorily to them, and believe they are dangerous
Stereotypes
Negative beliefs/generalizations of a group
Can be more or less true (e.g. elderly are frail, Asians are good at math)
10 Percent Problem
When stereotypes are overgeneralized or completely wrong
Discrimination
Negative behaviour towards a group or its members with source in prejudicial attitudes (most often)
Not all prejudiced attitudes breed discrimination (hostile acts)
Much discrimination reflects no intended harm
Favouritism to people like oneself
Racism & Sexism
Institutional practices that discriminate even when there is not prejudicial intent
Implicit Association Test
Assesses implicit cognition by measuring speed of associations
Explicit (conscious) and implicit (automatic) attitudes about one target
Benevolant Sexism
Sounds positive but may still impede gender equity by discouraging the hiring of women in traditionally male dominated occupations
Hostile Sexism
Hostile sexism is overtly negative
Women are Wonderful Effect
Favourable stereotype of women being more understanding, kind, and helpful
System Justification Theory
Rationalizing the status quo
Motivation: system is just, people get what they deserve
Victim derogation: victim blaming of rape victims/poor people are lazy
Victim enhancement: poor people are happy (money doesn’t lead to happiness) - dismisses the people struggling with poverty
Authoritarian Personality
Ehnocentric people share certain tendencies
Intolerance for weakness
Punitive attitude
Submissive respect for their group’s authorities
Prejudice prone
Double Highs
High in authoritarian personality and social dominance orientation
Among most prejudiced people in society
Display worst qualities of each personality
Predisposed to be leaders of hate groups
Displaced Aggression
Scapegoating
Social Identity Theories
Categorize: useful to put people into categories as shorthand way of saying other things about the person
Identify: associate ourselves with certain groups and gain self esteem by doing so (in-groups)
Compare: contrast our groups with others, with a favourable bias to our own group (out-groups)
In Group Bias
Tendency to favour one’s own group
Colourblindness Vs. Multiculturalism
Colourblindness:
Don’t see race/group differences
Older approach aimed at ‘treating everyone the same’
Would argue against things like ‘affirmative action’ because is still seeing colour and not fair to whites
Multiculturalism:
Recognize and acknowledge race/group differences
Newer approach that takes into consideration historical treatment of groups and current experiences of discrimination
Would support ‘affirmative action’ as a way to combat systemic injustices because treating/evaluating people the same when people have systemic disadvantages isn’t fair
Categorization
Simplify our environments by categorizing
Categorize: organize the world by clustering objects into groups
Stereotypes represent cognitive efficiency
Spontaneous categorization: rely on stereotypes when pressed for time, preoccupied, tired, emotionally aroused
Subtyping
Putting people who deviate into a different class of people
Helps us maintain the stereotypes we hold
Exceptions to the group
Subgrouping
Forming a subgroup stereotype for those who don’t fit into original stereotype
Tends to lead to modest change in the stereotype as the stereotype becomes more differentiated
Acknowledged as part of overall diverse group
Stereotype Threat
Self confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
Fear of confirming a negative stereotype in a situation where the stereotype is relevant, and thus confirmable
Can hamper women’s learning of math rules and operations
Old Fashioned vs. Modern Racism
Old fashioned: black people are generally not as smart as whites
Modern racism: Discrimination against blacks is no longer a problems in North America (microaggressions)
