Chapter 11: Substance-Related Disorders Flashcards

Question

What is alcohol amnestic disorder (alcohol-induced psychotic disorder)?

Answer 1

*Previously known as Korsakoff’s syndrome & is one of the most severe alcohol-related disorders The primary symptom is a memory defect (particularly with regard to recent events), which is sometimes accompanied by falsification of events (confabulation). People with this disorder may not recognize pictures, faces, rooms, and other objects that they have just seen, although they may feel that these people or objects are familiar. Such people increasingly tend to fill in their memory gaps with confabulations that lead to unconnected and distorted associations.

Answer 2

True. If symptoms are correctly diagnosed within the first 48 to 72 hours, treatment with thiamine leads to a reversal of this condition and memory functioning appears to be restored with prolonged abstinence. However, if undiagnosed and with disease progression beyond several days, the brain damage causing this condition becomes irreversible.

Answer 3

MCLP is the center of psychoactive drug activation in the brain. The MCLP is made up of neuronal cells in the middle portion of the brain known as the ventral tegmental area (see Figure 11.2) and connects to other brain centers such as the nucleus accumbens and then to the prefrontal cortex. This neuronal system is involved in such functions as control of emotions, memory, and gratification. Alcohol produces euphoria by stimulating this area in the brain.

Answer 4

The suggestion that certain ethnic groups, particularly Asians and Native Americans, have abnormal physiological reactions to alcohol. Asian and Eskimo subjects have shown a tendency to have a hypersensitive reaction including flushing of the skin, a drop in blood pressure, heart palpitations, and nausea following the ingestion of alcohol.

Answer 5

Somewhat. About half of those with schizophrenia have either alcohol or drug abuse or dependence as well. In addition, antisocial personality disorder, alcohol, and aggression are strongly associated

Answer 6

True. In general, a multidisciplinary approach to the treatment of drinking problems appears to be most effective because the problems are often complex, requiring flexibility and individualization of treatment procedures.

Answer 7

A drug that causes violent vomiting when followed by ingestion of alcohol. May be administered to prevent an immediate return to drinking. *However, such deterrent therapy is seldom advocated as the sole approach because an alcohol-dependent person may simply discontinue the use of Antabuse when he or she is released from a hospital or clinic and begins to drink again.

Answer 8

An opiate antagonist that helps reduce the craving for alcohol by blocking the pleasure-producing effects of alcohol

Answer 9

To reduce the physical symptoms characteristic of withdrawal such as insomnia, headache, gastrointestinal distress, and tremulousness. Central to the medical treatment approaches are the prevention of heart arrhythmias, seizures, delirium, and death. *Drugs, such as Valium, have revolutionized the treatment of withdrawal symptoms.

Answer 10

Because of the thought that treatment with drugs are simply transferring the addiction to another substance.

Answer 11

These group situations can be extremely difficult for those who have been engrossed in denial of their own responsibilities, but such treatment also helps them see new possibilities for coping with circumstances that have led to their difficulties. *This can also be family therapy.

Answer 12

One is aversive conditioning therapy, which involves the presentation of a wide range of noxious stimuli with alcohol consumption in order to suppress drinking behaviour. Another is cognitive behaviour therapy, which combines cognitive-behavioural strategies of intervention with social-learning theory and modelling of behaviour. This approach relies on such techniques as impart-ing specific knowledge about alcohol, developing coping skills in situations associated with increased risk of alcohol use, modifying cognitions and expectancies, acquiring stress management skills, and providing training in life skills (modest effects though*). Self-control training techniques, in which the goal of therapy is to get alcoholics to reduce alcohol intake without necessarily abstaining altogether, have a great deal of appeal for some drinkers.

Answer 13

It appears to lift the burden of personal responsibility by helping alcoholics accept that alcoholism, like many other problems, is bigger than they are.

Answer 14

Designed to bring family members together to share experiences and problems, to gain under-standing of the nature of alcoholism, and to learn techniques for dealing with their own problems living in a family with one or more affected individuals.

Answer 15

A brief intervention that was designed to be a major departure from earlier confrontational approaches in which a clinician suggested that the drinker stop consuming so much alcohol. Instead, in MI the clinician guides the patient through a collaborative conversation in which the patient articulates the pros and cons of drinking and ultimately makes a decision about whether she or he is motivated to change.

Answer 16

Heroin, opium

Answer 17

Cocaine, amphetamines, caffeine, nicotine

Answer 18

barbiturates

Answer 19

LSD, “acid,” mescaline, psilocybin, Ecstasy, and marijuana.

Answer 20

A pain medication.

Answer 21

Drug abuse and dependence are most common during adolescence and young adulthood

Answer 22

alkaloids. In 1805, the alkaloid present in the largest amount (10–15 percent) was found to be a bitter-tasting powder that could serve as a powerful sedative and pain reliever; it was named morphine.

Answer 23

Heroin. The drug came to be widely prescribed in place of morphine for pain relief and related medicinal purposes. Unfortunately, heroin proved to be an even more dangerous drug than morphine, acting more rapidly and more intensely and being equally, if not more, addictive.

Answer 24

Endorphins.

Answer 25

Addiction is the result of a dysfunction of the dopamine reward pathway (which stretches from the ventral tegmental area to the nucleus accumbens, which in turn connects with other parts of the brain such as the amygdala and pre-frontal cortex)

Answer 26

Addiction is much more likely to occur in individuals who have genetic deviations in components of the dopamine reward pathway, which leads them to be less satisfied by natural rewards (e.g., from food, sex, drugs, and other pleasurable activities), which in turn leads them to overuse drugs and related experiences as a way to adequately stimulate their reward pathway

Answer 27

After physical withdrawal has been completed, treatment focuses on helping the person make an adequate adjustment to his or her community and abstain from the further use of opiates. Traditionally, however, the prognosis has been unfavourable, with many clients dropping out of treatment.

Answer 28

Methadone hydrochloride is a synthetic narcotic that is related to heroin and is equally addictive physiologically. Its usefulness in treatment lies in the fact that it satisfies an addict’s craving for heroin without producing serious psychological impairment, if only because it is administered as a “treatment” in a formal clinical context and can result in reduced drug use and improved cognitive performance.

Answer 29

Cocaine has its primary effect by blocking the presynaptic dopamine transporter (whose job it is to retrieve excess dopamine from the synapse), thus increasing the availability of dopamine in the synapse and increasing the activation of the receiving cells. The increase of dopamine activity in the nucleus accumbens is believed to be especially important in cocaine addiction, because specific parts of this brain region have been suggested to be “hedonic hot spots” that have been consistently associated with the experience of reward and pleasure

Answer 30

Naltrexone and methadone have been used to reduce cocaine use.

Answer 31

False. Both CBT and contingency management (CM) approaches are effective treatments for substance use disorders. *CM is based on the principles of operant conditioning and offers rewards or financial incentives for meeting agreed-on treatment targets (e.g., drug-free urine). CM has been shown to be slightly more effective than CBT for cocaine dependence.

Answer 32

Amphetamines.

Answer 33

Occasionally used medically for curbing appetite when weight reduction is desirable; for treating individuals suffering from narcolepsy (people cannot prevent themselves from continually falling asleep); and for treating hyperactive children.

Answer 34

= drugs with high abuse potential that require a prescription for each purchase.

Answer 35

Methamphetamine, referred to on the streets as “crystal meth” or “ice” because of its appearance, is a highly addictive stimulant drug that can provide an immediate and long-lasting “high.” *Methamphetamine is a form of amphetamine that can be “cooked” in large quantities in makeshift laboratories

Answer 36

Methamphetamine operates by increasing the level of dopamine in the brain, but is metabolized more slowly than other drugs such as cocaine and produces a high for a longer period of time.

Answer 37

True. Nicotine use has been observed as being highly prevalent among those with anxiety disorders.

Answer 38

near the ear called the insula.

Answer 39

Depressants (slow down the CNS). They are commonly called "downers"

Answer 40

The people who do become dependent on barbiturates tend to be middle-aged and older people who often rely on them as “sleeping pills” and who do not commonly use other classes of drugs (except possibly alcohol and minor tranquilizers). These people have been referred to as “silent abusers” because they take the drugs in the privacy of their homes and ordinarily do not become public nuisances.

Answer 41

LSD (can produce intoxication with an amount smaller than a grain of salt).

Answer 42

True. The distorted objects and sounds, the illusory colours, and the new thoughts can be menacing and terrifying.

Answer 43

An involuntary recurrence of perceptual distortions or hallucinations weeks or even months after an individual has taken the drug.

Answer 44

Stimulant.

Answer 45

False - it is not thought to be as addictive as cocaine.

Answer 46

There are significant differences between the nature, intensity, and duration of its effects and those induced by drugs like LSD, mescaline, and other major hallucinogens.

Answer 47

Substances that mimic the effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active plant-derived substance in marijuana, and activate the human endocannabinoid system *more likely than marijuana to have serious adverse side effects such as anxiety, tachycardia, hypertension, heart palpitations, seizures, and psychosis-like effects

Answer 48

Substances that mimic the effects of amphetamines and cocaine by activating the body’s monoamine system (i.e., bath salts).

Answer 49

Yes. However, rates differ by subpopulation; for example, in some high-risk populations, such as alcoholics, the rates are higher.

Answer 50

cognitive-behavioural therapy.