Chapter 11: The Perfect, Passive, and Stative

Question 1

The Perfect sDm.n=f

Answer 1

Has an inseparable .n infix added to the end of the stem

Employs base stem for strong and final weak roots

Geminating roots can be either geminate or base

Question 2

Anomalous roots in the Perfect

Answer 2

Both can use either base roots with the Perfect infix

rdi/di -> rdi.n/di.n
iw/ii -> iw.n/ii.n

Question 3

Perfect meaning in a main clause

Answer 3

The perfect was used for affirmative statements expressing completed action with transitive verbs

Often translated with a simple past or past perfect tense

Question 4

Perfect particles

Answer 4

As an initial main clause, the perfect often is introduced by iw or m=k

A perfect main clause can be without a particle, but this is generally only as a NIMS or a second tense

Question 5

Narrative perfect

Answer 5

In narrative constructions, the Perfect was often introduced by aHa.n, “then…”

Question 6

Subject Perfect construction

Answer 6

Perfect predicates can appear as an initial main clause with a topicalized noun, pronoun, or noun clause with a resumptive pronoun

Question 7

Omission of the subject in a perfect predicate

Answer 7

Perfect predicates may omit the subject when the scribe has mentioned it previously

When omitted, the scribe may change the infix from .n to .ni (written with dual strokes)

Question 8

Passive Perfect

Answer 8

sDm.n.tw=f

The perfect can become passive by taking an additional .tw infix

This occurs exclusively to suffix subjects

Most examples of this are limited to the Perfect Relative Form

Question 9

Perfect and NIMS

Answer 9

The perfect occurs comminly in NIMS constructions with no introductory particle conveying the next event in a sequence

Question 10

Perfect in an Adverb clause

Answer 10

A perfect in an adverb clause describes action prior to the main clause

Question 11

Perfect Relative Form

Answer 11

An adjectival use of the Perfect which occurs in indirect adjective clauses and can function as nouns in their own right

Can take gender and number markers and will be possessed

Incompatible with iw

Question 12

Morphology of the Perfect relative form

Answer 12

Feminine and plural markers would be added prior to the .n infix

ex: Dd.t.n n=i bA=i, “That which my ba said to me”

Question 13

Perfect in an adjective clause

Answer 13

The Perfect can appear in an unmarked adjective clause after an undefined antecedent

These are unmarked for gender and number, but otherwise are only distinguishable from the Perfect Relative Form when they are negated

Question 14

Perfect in a Noun Clause

Answer 14

Both the perfect and its relative form can occur in Noun clauses

Question 15

Negation of the Perfect

Answer 15

ni + sDm.n=f, “He does not hear”
Used for negative present tense or negative present ability (in narration it can be past imperfect, “He was not hearing)

nn + sdm.n=f, “He will not hear”
Conveys negative future ability

Question 16

Negation of the Perfect Relative Form

Answer 16

Hm.t tm.t.n=f sDm si, “The woman whom he has not seen”

The negative verb tm will be made into a perfect relative form with a negatival complement

NOTE: The co-referent of this construction will be a dependent pronoun, not a suffix

Question 17

Passive sDm(w) A

Answer 17

This is a passive bi-partite predicate form used for noun subjects

Question 18

Passive morphology

Answer 18

Base stem for all root classes with an omissible -w ending

Final weak roots may have a weak -y ending

Question 19

Anomalous verbs in the passive

Answer 19

Both rdi and iw/ii can be written in either form

Question 20

Passive particles

Answer 20

Regularly introduced by iw, m=k, or aHa.n

Question 21

Passive in a NIMS

Answer 21

Describes the next event in narration

Question 22

Passive in an adverb clause

Answer 22

Describes actions prior to the main clause

Question 23

Passive in adjective and noun clauses

Answer 23

Did not regularly occur in unmarked noun or unmarked adjective clauses

Question 24

Negation of the passive

Answer 24

ni + passive

Obeys Gunn’s rule

Question 25

Gunn's rule

Answer 25

This is the tense inversion seen with the negation of the Perfect and Passive The affirmative is normally translated in English as having past tense, but in negation it will be present

Question 26

Use of the Stative

Answer 26

Used for affirmative statements expressing completed action with intransitive verbs Also used to express present state resulting form past action

Question 27

Transitive verbs in the stative

Answer 27

Gives passive sense

Question 28

Stative endings

Answer 28

1cs. .k(w) 2cs. .t(i) 3ms. (.w) 3fs. .t(i) 1cpl. .(wi)n 2cpl. .tiwni 3cpl. (.wy)/(.y)

Question 29

Stative Morphology

Answer 29

Verb + Stative Marker The stative endings were unique markers depicting gender, number, and person Base stem with strong root classes Weak stems rarely geminate Geminate stems can be base or geminate

Question 30

Anomalous verbs in the stative

Answer 30

Both can be either of their stems

Question 31

Subject Stative

Answer 31

Stative main clauses often begin with a nominal or pronominal subject that agrees in gender, number, and person with the stative marker Could be introduced with the particles iw, m=k, isT, which governed the choice of subject pronoun Bare subject statives were also common

Question 32

Bare Statives

Answer 32

Statives without an initial noun or pronoun were also common in Main clauses, but these were limited to instances of optative statives and first person subjects

Question 33

Statives with adjective verbs

Answer 33

Adjective verbs were often put into the Stative with the meaning of having "become" the adjective

Question 34

Optative use of the Stative

Answer 34

A certain use of the Stative in Main Clauses which gives it subjunctive mood Limited to certain phrases in the 2cs conjugation

Question 35

LPH Formula

Answer 35

The most common optative use of the stative A common construction often following the name of the king and written with the ankh, wDA, and s cloth Literally is anx(.w) (w)DA(.w) s(nb.w), "May he live, prosper, and be well!"

Question 36

Stative NIMS

Answer 36

Statives occur in NIMS constructions like the Perfect and Passive and should be translated in the simple past

Question 37

Stative in Adverb clauses

Answer 37

Commonly occurs in unmarked adverb clauses Most bare statives are in adverb clauses where they convey present state and can be translated as a gerund

Question 38

Stative in Noun and Adjective clauses

Answer 38

They can appear in unmarked adjective and noun clauses, but more commonly appear in marked clauses

Question 39

Negation of the Stative

Answer 39

nn+stative This is not common