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Microbiology > Chapter 11: The Prokaryotes > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Are prokaryotes gram-negative or gram-positive?

A

Gram-negative

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2
Q

Characteristics of proteobacteria

A
  • Gram-negative
  • Chemoheterotrophic
  • Largest taxonomic group of bacteria
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3
Q

What are the five classes of proteobacteria designated by?

A

Greek letters

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4
Q

Name the five classes of proteobacteria

A
  • Alphaproteobacteria
  • Betaproteobacteria
  • Gammaproteobacteria
  • Deltaproteobacteria
  • Epsilionproteobacteria
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5
Q

Features of alphaproteobacteria

A
  • Most are capable of growing in very low nutrient environments
  • Many have stalks or buds (prosthecae)
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6
Q

What are prosthecae?

A

Stalks or buds

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7
Q

Which proteobacteria class has prosthecae?

A

Alphaproteobacteria

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8
Q

Pelagibacteria

A
  • One of the most abundant microorganisms in oceans
  • Extremely small
  • Advantageous survival in low nutrient environment due to size
  • Important role in Earth’s carbon cycle
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9
Q

Acetobacteraceae and Gluconobacter

A
  • Converts ethanol into acetic acid (vinegar)
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10
Q

Rickettsia

A
  • Obligate intracellular parasites
  • Cause spotted fevers
    • R. rickettsia: Rocky Mountain spotted fever
  • Transmitted by tick and insect bites
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11
Q

Ehrlichia

A
  • Transmitted by ticks
  • Causes ehrlichiosis
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12
Q

Agrobacterium

A
  • Plant pathogen ; causes crown gall (tumor)
  • Inserts a plasmid into plant cells, inducing a tumor
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13
Q

Bartonella

A
  • Human pathogen
  • B. henselae: cat-scratch disease
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14
Q

Brucella

A
  • Obligate parasite of mammals ; survives phagocytosis
  • Causes brucellosis
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15
Q

Wolbachia

A
  • Endosymbiont of insects
  • Affects reproduction of insects
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16
Q

Name ALL 9 of the alphaproteobacteria

A
  • Pelagibacter
  • Acetobacteraceae and Gluconobacter
  • Rickettsia
  • Ehrlichia
  • Agrobacterium
  • Bartonella
  • Brucella
  • Wolbachia
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17
Q

The betaproteobacteria include:

A
  • Bordetella
  • Neisseria
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18
Q

Bordetella

A
  • Non-motile rods
  • B. pertussis: caused whooping cough
    • Vaccine: Tdap and Ddtap
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19
Q

Neisseria

A
  • N. gonorrhoeae: cause of gonorrhea
  • N. meningitidis: cause of meningococcal meningitis
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20
Q

Types of gammaproteobacteria:

A
  • Pseudomonadales
  • Legionellales
  • Vibrionales
  • Enterobacteriales
  • Pasteurellales
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21
Q

Pseudomonas

A
  • Opportunistic pathogens ; nosocomial infections
  • Metabolically diverse
  • Polar flagella ; common in soil
  • P. aeruginosa: wound and urinary tract infections
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22
Q

Types of legionellales

A

Legionella and coxiella

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23
Q

Legionella

A
  • Found in streams, warm-water pipes, and cooling towers
  • Causes legionellosis (serious type of pneumonia)
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24
Q

Coxiella

A
  • C. burnetii: causes Q fever ; transmitted via aerosols or unpasteurized milk
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25
Vibrionales
- Found in aquatic habitats - V. cholerae: causes cholera (watery diarrhea)
26
Types of enterobacteriales:
- Escherichia - Salmonella - Shigella - Klebsiella - Serratia - Yersinia - Enterobacter
27
Enterobacteriales
- Commonly called enterics - Inhabit the intestinal tract ; ferment carbohydrates - Facultative anaerobes - Peritrichous flagella
28
Escherichia
- E. coli: indicator of fecal contamination ; causes foodborne disease and urinary tract infections
29
Salmonella
- 2,500 serovars (serological varieties) - Common form of foodborne illness - Salmonella typhi: causes typhoid fever
30
Shigella
- Causes shigellosis - can be spread through sex - Diarrhea germ
31
Klebsiella
- K. pneumoniae: Causes pneumonia (primarily in HIV patients)
32
Serratia
- Produces red pigment - Common cause of nosocomial infections
33
Yersinia
- Y. pestis: causes plague - Transmitted via fleas - Primarily in New Mexico
34
Enterobacter
- E. aerogenes: causes urinary tract infections and nosocomial infections
35
Type of pasteurellales:
Haemophilus
36
Haemophilus
- H. influenzae: causes meningitis, earaches, and epiglottitis - Does NOT cause influenza, which is caused by the influenza virus, not by bacteria
37
Epsilonproteobacteria
- Helical or curved - Microaerophilic
38
Types of epsilonproteobacteria
- Campylobacter and helicobacter
39
Campylobacter
- One polar flagella - C. jejuni: causes foodborne intestinal disease - Higher concentration in chicken
40
Helicobacter
- Multiple flagella - Causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer
41
What are cyanobacteria?
Oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria
42
Characteristics of cyanobacteria:
- Carry out oxygenic photosynthesis - Many contain heterocysts that can fix nitrogen - Gas vesicles provide buoyancy - Unicellular or filamentous
43
Chlamydiae
- No peptidoglycan in the cell wall ; grows intracellularly - Chlamydia: - Forms an elementary body that is infective - Chlamydia trachomatis: causes trachoma and urethritis
44
Spirochaetes
- Coiled and move via axial filaments
45
Types of spirochaetes:
Treponema and borrelia
46
Treponema
- T. pallidum: causes syphilis - Another common STI
47
Borrelia
Causes Lyme disease
48
What are firmicutes?
- Low G+C gram positive bacteria - Low amounts of G+C in DNA
49
Types of firmicutes
- Clostridiales - Bacillales - Lactobacillales
50
Type of clostridiales
Clostridium
51
Clostridium
- Endospore producing - Obligate anaerobes - Including disease-causing C. tetani, C. botulinum, and C. difficile
52
Types of bacillales:
Bacillus and staphylococcus
53
Bacillus
- Endospore producing rods - B. anthracis: causes anthrax - B. thuringiensis: an insect pathogen - B. cereus: causes food poisoning
54
Staphylococcus
- Grapelike clusters - S. aureus: causes wound infections, often antibiotic resistant, and produces an enterotoxin
55
Types of lactobacillales:
- Streptococcus - Enterococcus - Listeria
56
Streptococcus
- Spherical in chains - Produces enzymes that destroy tissue - Beta-hemolytic streptococci: hemolyzes blood agar ; includes S. pyogenes - Alpha-hemolytic streptococci: includes S. pneumoniae and S. mutans, which causes dental caries
57
Enterococcus
- Found in intestinal tract ; hospital contaminants - E. faecalis: infects surgical wounds and the urinary tract
58
Listeria
- L. monocytogenes: contaminates food
59
What are tenericutes?
Low G+C gram positive bacteria
60
Type of tenericute:
Mycoplasma
61
Mycoplasma
- Lack a cell wall ; pleomorphic - M. pneumoniae: causes mild pneumonia
62
What is actinobacteria?
High G+C gram positive bacteria
63
Characteristics of actinobacteria:
- Often pleomorphic ; branching filaments - Often common inhabitants of soil
64
Types of actinobacteria:
- Mycobacterium - Corynbacterium - Propionibacterium - Streptomyces - Actinomyces
65
Mycobacterium
- Outermost layer of mycolic acids that is waxy and water resistant - Often slow-gowing - M. tuberculosis: causes tuberculosis - M. leprae: causes leprosy
66
Corynebacterium
- C. diptheriae: causes diptheria
67
Propionbacterium
- Forms propionic acid - P. acnes: causes acne
68
Streptomyces
- Isolated from soil - Produces most antibiotics, including streptomycin
69
Actinomyces
- Forms filaments in the mouth and throat ; destroys tissue - Works with streptococcus mutans
70
Diversity within archaea:
- DIstinct taxonomic grouping - Lack peptidoglycan
71
Types of extremophiles:
- Halophiles - Thermophiles - Methanogens
72
Halophiles
Require salt concentration >25%
73
Thermophiles
Require growth temperature >80C
74
Methanogens
Anaerobic and produce methane

Microbiology (1 decks)

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