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AP Psychology > Chapter 11: Theories of Personality > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Theories of Personality Flashcards

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1
Q

Personality

A

The unique and relatively stable ways in which people think, feel, and behave.

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2
Q

Character

A

Value judgments of a person’s moral and ethical behavior.

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3
Q

Temperament

A

The enduring characteristics with which each person is born.

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4
Q

Unconscious mind

A

Level of the mind in which thoughts, feelings, memories, and other information are kept that are no easily or voluntary brought into consciousness.

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5
Q

Id

A

Pet of the personality present at birth and completely unconscious.

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6
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Principle by which the id functions; the immediate satisfaction of needs without regard for the consequences.

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7
Q

Ego

A

Part of the personality that develops out of a need to deal with reality, mostly conscious, rational, and logical.

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8
Q

Reality principle

A

Principle by which the ego functions; the satisfaction of the demands of the id only when negative consequences will not result.

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9
Q

Superego

A

Part of the personality that acts as a moral center.

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10
Q

Conscience

A

Part of the superego that produces pride or guilt, depending on how acceptable behavior is.

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11
Q

Fixation

A

Disorder in which the person does not fully resolve the conflict in a particular psychosexual stage, resulting in personality traits and behavior associated with that earlier stage.

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12
Q

Psychosexual stages

A

Five stages of personality development proposed by Freud and tied to the sexual development of the child.

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13
Q

Oral stage

A

First stage occurring in the first year of life in which the mouth is the erogenous zone and weaning is the primary conflict.

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14
Q

Anal stage

A

Second stage occurring from about 1 to 3 years of age, in which the anus is the erogenous zone and toilet training is the source of conflict.

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15
Q

Anal expulsive personality

A

A person fixated in the anal stage who is messy, destructive, and hostile.

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16
Q

Anal retentive personality

A

A person fixated in the anal stage who is neat, fussy, stingy, and stubborn.

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17
Q

Phallic stage

A

Third stage occurring from about 3 to 6 years of age, in which the child discovers sexual feelings.

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18
Q

Oedipus complex

A

Situation occurring in the phallic stage in which a child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent and jealousy of the same-sex parent.

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19
Q

Identification

A

Defense mechanism in which a person tries to become like someone else to deal with anxiety.

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20
Q

Latency

A

Fourth stage occurring during the school years, in which the sexual feelings of the child are repressed while the child develops in other ways.

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21
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freuds term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it.

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22
Q

Neo-freudians

A

Followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories.

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23
Q

Personal unconscious

A

Jungs name for the unconscious mind as described by Freud.

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24
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Jungs name for the memories shared by all members of the human species.

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25
Archetypes
Jungs collective, universal human memories.
26
Basic anxiety
Anxiety created when a child is born into the bigger and more powerful world of older children and adults.
27
Neurotic personalities
Personalities typified by maladaptive ways of dealing with relationships in Horneys theory.
28
Habits
In behaviorism, sets of well learned responses that have become automatic.
29
Social cognitive learning theorists
Theorist who emphasize the importance of both the influences of other peoples behavior and of a persons own expectations of learning.
30
Social cognitive view
Learning theory that includes cognitive processes such as anticipating, judging, memory, and imitation or models.
31
Reciprocal determinism
Banduras explanation of how the factors of environment, personal characteristics, and behavior can interact to determine future behavior.
32
Self-efficacy
Individuals expectancy of how effective his or her efforts to accomplish a goal will be in any particular circumstance.
33
Locus of control
The tendency for people to assume that they either have control or do not have control over events and consequences in their lives.
34
Expectancy
A persons subjective feeling that a particular behavior will lead to a reinforcing consequence.
35
Humanistic perspective
The “third force” in psychology that focuses on those aspects of personality that make people uniquely human, such as subjective feelings and freedom of choice.
36
Self-actualizing tendency
The striving to fulfill ones innate capacities and capabilities.
37
Self-concept
The image of oneself that develops from interactions with important, significant people in ones life.
38
Self
An individuals awareness of their own personal characteristics and level of functioning.
39
Real self
Ones perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities.
40
Ideal self
Ones perception of whom one should be or would like to be.
41
Positive regard
Warmth, affection, love, and respect that come from significant others in life.
42
Unconditional positive regard
Positive regard that is given without conditions or strings attached.
43
Conditional positive regard
Positive regard that is given only when the person is doing what the providers of positive regard wish.
44
Fully functioning person
A person who is in touch with and trusting of the deepest, innermost urges and feelings.
45
Trait theories
Theories that endeavor to describe characteristics that make up human personality in an effort to predict future behavior.
46
Trait
A consistent, enduring way of thinking, feeling, or behaving.
47
Surface traits
Aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person.
48
Source traits
The more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality.
49
Introversion
Dimension of personality in which people tend to withdraw form excessive stimulation.
50
Five-factor model (Big Five)
Model of personality traits that describes five basic trait dimensions.
51
Openness
One of the five factors; willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.
52
Conscientiousness
The care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability.
53
Extraversion
People who are outgoing and sociable.
54
Introverts
People who prefer solitude and dislike being the center of attention.
55
Agreeableness
The emotional style of a person that may range from easygoing, friendly, and likable to grumpy, crabby, and unpleasant.
56
Neuroticism
Degree of emotional instability or stability.
57
Trait-situation interaction
The assumption that the particular circumstances of any given situation will influence the way in which a trait is exposed.
58
Behavioral genetics
Field of study devoted to discovering the genetic bases for personality characteristics.
59
Interview
Method of personality assessment in which the professional ask questions of the client and allows the client to answer, either in a structured or unstructured fashion.
60
Halo effect
Tendency of an interviewer to allow positive characteristics of a client to influence the assessment of the clients behavior and statements.
61
Projection
Defense mechanism involving placing, or “projecting,” ones own unacceptable thoughts onto others, as if the thoughts actually belonged on those others and not to oneself.
62
Projective effects
Personality assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli to the client and ask the client to respond with whatever comes to mind.
63
Rorschach inkblot test
Projective test that uses 10 inkblots as the ambiguous stimuli.
64
Thematic apperception test (TAT)
Projective text that uses 20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli.
65
Subjective
Referring to concepts and impressions that are only valid within a particular persons perception and may be influenced by biases, prejudice, and personal experiences.
66
Direct observation
Assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting.
67
Rating scale
Assessment in which a numerical value is assigned to specific behavior that is listed in the scale.
68
Frequency count
Assessment in which the frequency of a particular behavior is counted.
69
Personality inventory
Paper and pencil or computerized test that consists of statements that require a specific, standardized response from the person taking the test.

AP Psychology (2 decks)

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