Chapter 11 - Translocalities and Urban Systems

Question 1

donut cities

Answer 1

cities that were empty in the middle (inner city) and vibrant in the outskirts (suburbs)

Question 2

alienation

Answer 2

The circumstance in which a person is indifferent to or estranged from nature or the means of production

Question 3

tariff

Answer 3

tax or customs duty imposed on a country’s imported goods; often used to protect domestic production from relatively inexpensive imports

Question 4

what countries are more/less globalized?

Answer 4

Typically smaller countries that are more developed are the most globalised, such as the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium; on the other hand, larger, less developed countries are less globalised like Russia and China

Question 5

Reasons for Distance Becoming Less Important

Answer 5

Rise of transnational corporations, improved transportation, increased global trade and integration, spread of information through technology

Question 6

first wave of globalization

Answer 6

started in 19th century and ended during the beginning of WW1 when the decline of liberalism and the rise of nationalism led to a slump in international trade;

before the first wave, trade was driven by colonialism; flow of goods between empires and colonies accounted for an important part of international tradese

Question 7

second wave of globalization

Answer 7

after world war 2, and was enabled by the technological advancements, like the development of commercial aviation, improvements in shipping, and widespread adoption of the telephone

Question 8

third wave of globalization

Answer 8

started after the oil crisis of the 1970s, proceeded with the emergence of BRICS, and was enabled by new inventions (microprocessors) and new political alignments; many new technologies were developed, like the Intel supercomputer

Question 9

global village

Answer 9

“People sometimes refer to the world as a global village when they want to emphasise that all the different parts of the world form one community linked together by communication devices, especially the internet”

Question 10

what made up the hardware of globalization

Answer 10

rail transport, air transport, techonlogy advacemnets, and containerizatoin

Question 11

what made the software of globalization

Answer 11

The G20 summit
Bretton woods agreement
General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT)
World Trade Organisation (WTO)

Question 12

BRICS

Answer 12

BRICS: Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa; organisation representing the world’s emerging economies

Question 13

6 major trade blocks

Answer 13

NAFTA, EU, ASEAN, SAFTA, COMESA, MERCOSUR

Question 14

Transnational Corporations

Answer 14

a large business organisation that operates more two or more countries; multinational corporation; oftentimes the HQ is in a developed country and manufacturing facilities are in developing countries

Question 15

economic globalization

Answer 15

not the same tithing as economic internationalisation

when production and distribution are no longer contained by national boundaries, a change that has been brought about by the rise of transnational corporations

Question 16

disorganized capitalism

Answer 16

the most recent form of capitalism, characterised by disorganisation and industrial restructuring

Question 17

principle of least effort

Answer 17

the desire to minimise distances and related movements; can be physical, social, or cognitive

Question 18

glocalization

Answer 18

global and local

Hybrid cultures exist in places like Las Vegas, where they have replicas of the Eiffel Tower from France and the Statue of Liberty from NYC

Question 19

is the age of the nation state over

Answer 19

“The challenge of the 21st century for the state will be to integrate with other states without sacrificing national identity”

“Authoritarianism, nationalism and isolationism are on the rise… The liberal world order is in apparent decline, or at least being severely tested”

Question 20

hyperglobalization

Answer 20

(Pro): Globalisation represents the triumph of capitalism and the market over inward looking and insulated nation-states; globalisation is a moral good and force for progress

Question 21

sceptic

Answer 21

(questions existence): powerful states create rules of the game to benefit their interests and strengthen their position; globalisation is discourse - a concept that conceals deeper motives, propagated by powerful interests

Question 22

transformationalist

Answer 22

(in between): globalisation is transforming states and governance at all scales, and it requires regulation to optimise it and make it more inclusive

Question 23

what are some of humanity’s impacts on the natural world

Answer 23

deforestation, climate change, garbage patches

Question 24

anthropocentrism

Answer 24

a worldview which regards humans as the most important part of any ecosystem

Question 25

ecocentrism

Answer 25

a worldview which emphasises all parts of an ecosystem as equal, rather than putting humans at the centre; humans must work alongside nature

Question 26

Climate Change Known Knowns Climate change Known Unknowns Climate change Unknown Unknowns

Answer 26

Earth is warming, humans are largely responsible, What will be the magnitude of global temperature change? Is there a tipping point where climate change is irreversible?

Question 27

mitigation adaptation

Answer 27

the action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or dangerousness of something the process by which humans adjust collective behaviour in response to a certain set of circumstances

Question 28

cornucopians catastrohists

Answer 28

those who argue that advances in technology and science, along with adaptation, will continue to create resources to support the growing world population and mitigate climate change Those of the view that population increases and continuing environmental deterioration are leading to a nightmarish future of environmental catastrophe

Question 29

critical zone

Answer 29

active and dynamic areas of the earth, where rock meets life; the space of the earth where we interact

Question 30

systems thinking

Answer 30

a set of interrelated components or objects linked together to form a unified whole, thinking about how ecosystems evolve is an example

Question 31

ecosphere

Answer 31

“global ecosystem”, the ecosystem of the entire planet, sometimes used interchangeably with biosphere

Question 32

eco democracy

Answer 32

a major aspect of operationalising ecocentrism a worldview that finds intrinsic value throughout nature; must be the achievement of adequate political representation for non-humans Representation of non human interests within the deliberative democratic processes can be achieved through human proxies

Question 33

ecosystem

Answer 33

An ecological system; comprises a set of interacting and interdependent organisms and their physical, chemical, and biological environment; exists at a variety of spatial scales from the very local to the global

Question 34

anthropogenic

Answer 34

caused by human activities

Question 35

stock resources

Answer 35

Minerals and land that take a long time to form and hence, from a human perspective, are fixed in supply

Question 36

renewable resources

Answer 36

regenerate naturally to provide a new supply within a human lifespan

Question 37

pollution

Answer 37

The release of substances that degrade air, land, or water into the environment

Question 38

desertification

Answer 38

The process by which an area of land becomes a desert; typically involves the impoverishment of an ecosystem because of climate change, human impact, or both

Question 39

conservation

Answer 39

any form of environmental protection, including preservation