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NU FS 305 > Chapter 11 - Water and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Chapter 11 - Water and Electrolytes Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

How much of our body weight is water?

A

~60%

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2
Q

What is the body weight water % different in infants and children?

A

The % is higher

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3
Q

What is the water content in lean vs. adipose tissue?

A
  • Lean tissue: 75%
  • Adipose tissue: 25%
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4
Q

What determines the amount of water in someone’s body?

A

Their individual body composition

ex. someone with less body fat will have more water than someone of the same weight with a higher body fat %

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5
Q

What are body fluids composed of?

A

Water and electrolytes

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6
Q

What are the body fluid compartments? (2)

A
  • Intracellular (2/3 of body fluids)
  • Extracellular (1/3 of body fluids)
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7
Q

What are the functions of body fluids? (6)

A
  • Carry nutrients and waste
  • Metabolic rxns and solvents for small molecules that partcipate in those rxns
  • Structure of macromolecules
  • Lubricant and cushion
  • Regulation of body temp
  • Maintaining blood volumn and pressure
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8
Q

What are the triggers for thirst?

A
  • Low blood volume (baroreceptors)
  • High solutes (osmoreceptors)
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9
Q

What happens when thirst is triggered?

A

The hypothalamus thirst centre initiates the thirst reflect which gives us the concious desire to seek and drink fluids

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10
Q

What does the thirst reflex indicate?

A

That you’re already dehydrated

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11
Q

What is the AI for water?

includes fluids + food in diet

A
  • Males: 3.7L
  • Females: 2.7L
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12
Q

What are water intake recommendations dependent on?

A
  • Diet
  • Activity
  • Temperature
  • Humidity
  • Drugs
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13
Q

What are the effects of a higher water intake?

A
  • Prevention of constipation and kidney stones
  • Decreased risk of some cancers (bladder, prostate, breast, bowel)
  • Dilute urea, minerals, precipites, toxins
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14
Q

What is hard water?

A

Water with a higher concentration of Ca and Mg

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15
Q

What is soft water?

A

Water with a higher concentration of Na and K

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16
Q

What is the purpose of electrolytes?

A

To maintain fluid balance and influence acid-base balance

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17
Q

What happens when a cation leaves a body fluid compartment?

A

An anion also leaves or another cation enters

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18
Q

How do electrolytes affect water balance?

A

Water follows electrolytes so that is the importance of keeping body fluids neutral

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19
Q

What acts as buffers in body fluids?

A
  • Bicarbonate (base)
  • Carbonic acid (acid)
  • Proteins
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20
Q

What regulates the kidneys? (4)

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Renin
  • Angiotensin II
  • Aldosterone
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21
Q

What is renin?

A

An enzyme from the kidney that is released when blood pressure is low

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22
Q

What does renin do?

A
  • Increases sodium re-absorption in the kindey (which increases water)
  • Also hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
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23
Q

What does angiotensin II do?

A
  • Vasocontrictor which increases blood pressure
  • Stimulates the release of ADH and aldosterone
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24
Q

How do kindey regulate fluid balance?

A

They control blood volume by adjustment of sodium balance (aldosterone)

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25
How do the kidneys control blood osmolaity?
They can adjust water balance (ADH)
26
What is aldosterone?
A hormone released from the adrenal glands; release is stimulated by angiotensin II
27
What does aldosterone do?
Stimulates the kidneys to: * Excrete potassium (causes vessels to constrict) * Reabsorb sodium (increases blood volume)
28
What is antidiuretic hormone?
A water conserving hormone released from the pituitary gland in response to: * Low blood volume or pressure * HIgh sodium in blood * Increase osmolaity
29
What does ADH do?
Stimulates kidneys to reabsorb water
30
What can inhibit ADH?
Alcohol
31
What is hypovolemia?
Loss of extracellular volume (dehydration)
32
What is hyponatremia?
Low electrolytes due to blood loss or diarrhea/vomiting
33
What happens to correct hyponatremia?
The secretion of aldosterone and ADH is stimulated to maintain blood volume
34
What can cause hyponatremia and hypervolemia at the same time?
Excessive water intake which increases intracellular and extracellular water colume. There is a decrease is osmolality.
35
What are causes of dehydration? (7)
* Diarrhea, vomiting * Climate: dry air * Sweating * Hyperglycemia * Rapid weight loss * Laxative or diuretic use * Alcohol consumption
36
When are sports drinks beneficial?
When physical activity is >1 hour long or activity in some environmental conditions
37
Why is sports drinks beneficial?
They're high in sugar; replaces carbohydrates if doing an activity with high energy needs
38
When is oral rehydration therapy (ORT)?
When dehydration is associated with illness (vomiting/diarrhea)
39
What can lower the bioavailability of minerals?
* Phytates in legumes and grains * Oxalic acid in spinach and rhubarb
40
What is the primary cation in extracellular fluid?
Sodium
41
How does sodium affect blood volume and acidity?
* Higher sodium in blood increases volume * Kidneys excrete H+ in exchange for Na+
42
What is the function of sodium?
Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
43
What is hypernatremia and what is it caused by?
* High blood sodium * Excessive acute intake * Excessive chronic intake
44
What is hyponatremia and what is it caused by?
* Low blood sodium * Excessive water intake * Kidney dysfunction (failure to retain sodium)
45
AI Sodium
* 19-50 years: 1500mg/day * 51-70 years: 1300mg/day * >70 years: 1200mg/day
46
What is the UL of sodium?
2300 mg/day
47
What is the daily value of sodium?
2400 mg/day
48
What are the dietary guidelines for salt?
6000mg/day
49
What is the state of sodium intake in Canada?
It exceeds the UL, but it is decreasing (it gets closer to 2300mg)
50
What are the health effects of excessive sodium intake?
* Hypertension * Heart disease * Stroke * Kidney disease
51
How does sodium intake impact calcium?
High sodium intake increases calcium excretion
52
What are the major food sources of sodium?
77% comes from processed food
53
How can people lower their sodium intake?
* Replace processed foods with unprocessed foods * Use lower sodium alternative * Eat packaged foods with DV 5% or less * Replace table salt with another seasoning
54
What was the impact of Health Canada's Sodium Reduction Strategy?
It reduced sodium intake by 8% between 2010 and 2017
55
What are the targets of the current Health Canada Sodium Reduction Strategy? (3)
* Refinement of targets in some food categories * Technical challenges identified by manufacturers * Further reductions in products with highest salt within each food category
56
What are the functions of chloride?
* Primary anion in extracellular fluids * Fluid and electrolyte balance * Gastric HCl (digestion)
57
AI Chloride
2300mg/day
58
UI Chloride
3600mg/day
59
What are functions of potassium?
* Primary cation in intracellular fluid * Fluid and electrolyte balance * Nerve impulse transmission and muscle contraction
60
AI Potassium
4700mg/day
61
What is hypokalemia?
Low potassium
62
What are the symptoms of hypokalemia?
* Muscle weakness * Paralysis * Cardiac arrhythmia * Death
63
What is hyperkalemia?
High potassium
64
What are the symptoms of hyperkalemia?
* Muscle weakness * Paralysis * Cardiac arrhythmia
65
What are the functions of phosphorus?
* Primary anion in intracellular fluid * Bone structure and teeth * Phosphoric acid buffer system * Metabolism * DNA, RNA, phospholipids
66
RDA Phosphorus
700mg/day
67
UL Phosphorus
4000mg/day

NU FS 305 (13 decks)

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