Chapter 12 Flashcards
Antidepressant
-treatment of depression, anxiety, phobias, & inhibitors
-nonaddictive and equally effective
Produce unpleasant physical reactions: dry mouth, headaches, constipation, nausea , restlessness, gastrointestinal problems, weight gain, decrease sexual desire
Antipsychotic drugs
Neuroleptics
- Drugs used primarily in the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders; often used off label & inappropriately for other disorders (dementia & impulsive aggressiveness)
- Block/reduce the sensitivity of brain receptors that respond to dopamine; some also increase levels of serotonin=inhibits dopamine
- Reduce agitation, delusions, & hallucination & shorten schizophrenia episodes
- Side effects:muscle rigidity,hand tremors, involuntary muscle movement
Anxiety drug (tranquilizer)
Activity of the neurotransmitter GABA
- may temporarily help with acute anxiety attack
- symptoms return if medication stops
- ppl overuse them & develop problems w/ withdrawal & tolerance
- beta blocker: used to manage heart irregularities & hypertension & sometimes prescribed to relieve ACUTE ANXIETY but not approved for anxiety disorders
Lithium carbonate
Given to ppl w/ bipolar disorder
- moderating levels of norepinephrine or protecting brain cells from being overestimated by another neurotransmitter (glutamate)
- too little won’t help & too much is toxic
- short term side effects & long term problems
Problems inherent in treating psychological disorders with drug
- placebo effect
- high relapse and dropout rates: short term success with antidepressant or antipsychotic drugs
- disregard for effective, possibly better non-medical treatment
- dosage problems: the same does of drug may be metabolized differently in gender, age, and ethnicity
- unknown risks overtime and in combination: don’t know long term effects b/c drugs first tested clinically on few hundred ppl for few weeks/months
- untested off-label uses: FDA approves a drug which doctors can prescribe it for other conditions than originally tested
Electro convulsive therapy
⚡”Shock therapy”⚡
- treat severe depression
- short lived
- always returns within a few weeks or months
Prefrontal lobotomy
- reduce patients emotional symptoms w/out impairing intellectual ability
- drill 2 holes into skull of a mental patient & crush nerve fibers from prefrontal lobes to other areas
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
Pulsing magnetic coil held to a persons skull over the left prefrontal cortex, area of the brain that’s less active in ppl with depression
-treat severe depression
Deep brain stimulation
- originally patients with Parkinson’s disease and epilepsy
- now used for mental disorders
- surgery to implant electrodes into the brain and to embed a small box under collarbone
4 major schools of therapy
PSYCHODYNAMIC THERAPY: discussion of past, identification of recurring themes, explore fantasies, focus clients contradictory emotions, transference, explore unconscious
BEHAVIOR-COGNITIVE THERAPY:
Behavior therapy: classical & operant conditioning to help change self defeating habits
-exposure, systematic desensitization, behavioral self monitoring, skills training
Cognitive therapy: Identify & change way of thinking
-rational emotive behavior therapy
-mindfulness and acceptance
HUMANIST & EXISTENTIAL THERAPY
Humanist therapy: self fulfillment and actualization
-client centered therapy= provide unconditional (+) regard
Existential therapy: helps cope with philosophical issues like meaning of life
FAMILY & COUPLES THERAPY
Describe the results and efforts to evaluate the effectiveness of psychotherapy
- evaluate using standard empirical methods is useless
- evaluate using good relationship
- to measure effectiveness oversimplify the process b/c need ⏳⏰⌚
Scientific practitioner gap
The breach between scientists & therapists has widened b/c
- rise of professional schools that aren’t connected to academic psychology dpt. & that train students solely for therapy don’t know different therapy techniques
- proliferation of invalidated therapies in a crowded market
Factors that lead to successful therapy
- understanding a cultures particular traditions
- when there’s a culture match, both are more likely to share perception s of what the clients problem is, agree best way to cope, and have same expectations of therapy
- therapist must distinguish normal cultural patterns from individual psychological problems
Therapeutic alliance
Bond of confidence and mutual understanding between therapist and client, which allows them to work together and solve the clients problems
Describe which therapies and which therapeutic structures work best for specific problems
Cognitive-behavior therapies helps with: depression, suicide attempts, anxiety disorders, anger & impulsive violence, health problems, child & adolescent behavior problem, & relapses
Motivational interviewing: increasing a client’s motivation to overcome problems(drinking, smoking, binge eating)
Long term psychodynamic therapy: complex mental problems & personality disorders
Combining medication & family intervention: bipolar disorder/ schizophrenia
Multi-systemic therapy (MST): reduce teen violence, criminal activity, drug abuse, & school problem in troubled inner city communities; combine behavior & family technique
