Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psyco 275 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Emotions

A

Cognitive interpretations of subjective experiences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Innate releasing mechanism

A

Hypothetical
Detects specific sensory stimuli, directs an organism to take a particular action
Aids survival
Innate but modified by experience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

Assume behaviour occurs because natural selection favoured the neural circuits that produce it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Neural circuits

A

Brain circuits for reward that can modulate to increase or decrease activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Skinner- environmental influences

A

Certain events function as reinforcers

When a reinforcer follows a particular action similar actions are more likely to occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Learned tase aversion

A

Acquired association between a specific tase or odour and an illness leading to an aversion
associative learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Preparedness

A

Predisposition to respond to certain stimuli differently from other stimuli
prewired to make certain associations but not others

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Scent interacts with chemical receptors
Receptors constantly replaced
Each receptor ends in cilia in a mucous layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Olfactory epithelium

A

Receptor surface for olfaction in the nasal cavity

receptors and support cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Olfactory bulb

A

gets information from receptor cells, synapses with mitral cells which connect to forebrain areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Thalamic connection in olfaction

A

Most targets have no connection through the thalamus

There is a thalamic connection to the orbitofrontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Oribitofrontal cortex

A

Prefrontal area behind the eye sockets

Emotional and social behaviours including eating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Pheromones

A

Biochemicals released by one animal that act as chemosignals
Affect the behaviour of another animal of the same species
Detected by vemernasal organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Vemeronasal organ

A

Detects pheromones
Sends axons to accessory olfactory bulb that connects with the amygdala and hypothalamus- role in reproductive and social behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Gustatory receptors

A

Tastebuds on an under the tongue, roof of mouth, sides of mouth, back of mouth. nasopharynx
Sweet, sour, salty, bitter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

taste buds

A

Groups of gustatory receptors

Each contains several (or all) receptor types

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Solitary tract (gustation)

A

Cranial nerves 7. 9. 10- main gustatory nerve

Splits in the brainstem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

1st gustatory route

A

Projections to somatosensory cortex: tactile info and texture
Primary gustatory cortex: taste
Orbital frontal cortex: perception of flavour, affected by ambience

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

2nd gustatory route

A

Goes to the hypothalamus and amygdala

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Regulatory behaviours

A

Motivated by an organisms survival

Controlled by homeostatic mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms

A

Maintains critical body functions within a narrow range

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Nonregulatory behaviours

A

Not required to meet basic survival needs

Not controlled my homeostatic mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Hypothalamic circuit

A

Hypothalamus acts on the endocrine system and the ANS to regulate the internal environment
Influences behaviours selected by the rest of the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Medial forebrain bundle

A

Connects the brainstem with the limbic system

Forms activating projections that run from the brainstem to the basal ganglia and frontal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Hypothalamic tract peptides

A

Neurones in hypothalamus make peptides that are transported down their axon to the posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Receives peptides from hypothalamus
Sends APs to terminals to release stored peptides
Peptides enter the blood stream

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

Synthesizes hormones

Hypothalamus controls the release by producing releasing hromrones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Feedback loops

A

Homeostatic control, regulates the initiation of neural activity or hormonal release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Hypothalamus and experimental responses

A

Neurons in the hypothalamus undergo changes in response to experience
changes can affect hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Hypothalamus and generating behaviour

A

Central to goal-directed behaviour

When the hypothalamus is stimulated in animals they engage in complex behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

3 parts controlling eating

A

Cognitive factors: thinking about food, environmental cues
Hypothalamus
Digestive system

32
Q

Digestive system

A

Controlled by ENS
As door travels through the tract, nutrients are extracted
Body has detector cells to track the level of each nutrient in the blood stream

33
Q

Glucose

A

Primary fuel, only energy source for the brain

34
Q

What happens when blood sugar (glucose) levels are low

A

Detector cells tell the liver to convert glycogen into glucose for release

35
Q

Feedback mechanisms of the digestive system

A

When food reaches the intestines it interacts with ENS receptors to trigger release of peptide hormones
Hormones act as satiation or satiety signals

36
Q

Hypothalamus and eatin

A

Eating influenced by hormones

37
Q

Lateral hypothalamus and eating

A

Damage causes aphagia: stops eating

Stimulation elicits eating

38
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus and eating

A

Damage causes hyperphasia: overeating

Stimulation inhibits eating

39
Q

2 major classes of neurons in arcuate nucleus (eating)

A 
one initiates eating, one reduces eating
Changes in hormone levels reflecting glucose and lipid levels stimulate either class of neurons
40
Q

Cognitive control of eating

A

Pleasure or absence of pleasure

External sensations and learned associations

41
Q

Damage to amygdala and eating

A

Damage alters food preferences and abolishes taste aversion learning

42
Q

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex and eating

A

decreases eating due to diminished sensory responses

43
Q

Osmotic thirst

A

Results from a high concentration of dissolved chemicals in body fluids
Receptors in hypothalamus detect solute concentration and send message to stimulate us to drink and reduce water excretion in kidneys

44
Q

Water intoxication

A

Drinking more water than the kidneys can handle
body tissues swell with fluid and drowns the cells
Electrolyte imbalance

45
Q

Hypovolemic thirst

A

When the total volume of body fluid declines
Encourages us to choose something other than water so the solute concentration isn’t diluted
When fluid volume drops kidneys send hormone signal, stimulates hypothalamus, stimulates drinking

46
Q

2 general effects of gonadal hormones

A

Organizing- gonadal hormones organize the brain during development
Activate sex-specific behaviours in adulthood

47
Q

Organizing effects of gonadal hormones

A

During fetal development, testes produce androgens which alter structures
cells in the brain produce aromatase which converts testosterone into estradiol which masculinizes the male brain

48
Q

Activating effects of gonadal hormones

A

Ovarian hormones can change structures of dendrites and synapses
Testosterone activates sexual behaviour

49
Q

Hypothalamus and sexual behaviour

A

Controls copulatory behaviour in males and females

50
Q

Ventromedial hypothalamus and sexual behaviour

A

Controls female mating posture

51
Q

Medial preoptic area and sexual behaviour

A

Controls copulation in males

Does not control motivation

52
Q

Amygdala and sexual behaviour

A

Controls motivation

53
Q

Sexual determination

A

Determined during early development, genetic and epigenetic factors
Differences in the hypothalamus

54
Q

Cognitive influences of sexual behaviour

A

The cortex is not essential for motivation and copulation

Involved in imagining sexual activity and thinking about and planning sexual activity

55
Q

3 forms of emotional experience

A

Autonomic responses
Strong subjective feelings
Thoughts or plans related to the experience

56
Q

Constructivist theory of emotion (James-Lange theory)

A

The brain interprets physiological changes as emotions

Produces a cognitive response to autonomic information

57
Q

Appraisal theory of emotion

A

Emotions are processes rather than states

Activity of biological subsystems and extensive neural networks

58
Q

4 biological subsystems of the appraisal theory of emotion

A

Appraisal component: evaluation
Semantic component: physiological
Behavioural component
Feeling component: subjective

59
Q

General neuropsychological theory of emotion

A

Emotional control is lateralized
Left hemisphere interprets feelings
Right hemisphere has a role in producing strong emotions and is more automatic

60
Q

Limbic circuit

A

How emotion reaches consciousness

The hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex all connect with the hypothalamus

61
Q

3 subdivisions of the amygdala

A

Corticomedial area
Basolateral area
Central area

62
Q

Amygdala

A

Receives inputs from all sensory systems
Many neurons are multimodal
Sends connections primarily to the hypothalamus and brain stem

63
Q

Kluver-Bury syndrome

A

Removal of amygdala of monkeys
Principal symptoms include: loss of fear, indiscriminate dietary behaviour, increase in autoerotic activity with inappropriate objects, attend to every visual stimulus, came all objects by mouth

64
Q

2 components of awareness of danger and safety

A

Innate component: automatic processing of species-relevant sensory information
Learned component: avoidance of specific things the organism associates with danger (involvement of amygdala)

65
Q

Role of prefrontal cortex

A

Selects behaviours appropriate to the particular time and place
Receives highly processed info from all sensory areas
Specifying goals

66
Q

inferior prefrontal region

A

Sends axons to amygdala and hypothalamus

Route for influencing ANS and ENS and internal processes of emotions

67
Q

Dorsolateral prefrontal region

A

Larger role in cognitive behaviours not emotional

68
Q

Ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A

Role in decision making

69
Q

Major depression

A

Prolonged feelings of worthlessness and guilt, disruptions of normal eating habits, sleep disturbances, slowing of behaviour
Genetic component
Role of epigenetic changes: early life stress

70
Q

3 main components of reward

A

Learning about rewards and their availability cues
Motivation for rewards and associated cues
Affective responses to pleasure of rewards

71
Q

Intracranial self-stimulation

A

Rats press a bar to administer stimulation to specific sites of their brain
Activating system underlying rewards

72
Q

2 independent processes of reward

A

Wanting and liking

73
Q

Wanting

A

Generated by a large distributed brain system

Dopamine projections

74
Q

Liking

A

Generated by a smaller set of hedonic areas within limbic circuitry
Hedonic hotspots
Opioids and endocannibanoids

75
Q

Hedonic gloss

A

Networks of hedonic hotspots (pleasure) and cold spots (displeasure)

Psyco 275 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions