chapter 12 Flashcards
(8 cards)
What evidence do we have that morality is innate
• Within the first year’s infants may have a sense of right and wrong. The theory of kore knowledge proposes that certain types of knowledge and understanding of the world are built into the brain prenatally; several researchers have attempted to show that his is so for an early awareness of morality. (ex: helper triangle and hinderer square study)
What evidence do we have for environmental contributions to morality?
- Behaviorism and operant conditioning are examples of environmental influences on morality because behaviors are reinforced and punished
- Social cognitive theory proposes that morality is influenced by the environment because children imitate behaviors they see
Prosocial vs Antisocial Behavior
- Prosocial: empathy and sympathy are aspects of this as well as helping. Prosocial behavior can result from guilt as well.
- Antisocial behaviors: can be elicited by feelings of anger; these behaviors hurt people either physically or emotionally
6 types of play
- Unoccupied Behavior: looking around at whatever occurs but engaging in no activity.
- Onlooker behavior/play: watching others play
- Solitary Independent Play: engaging actively with toys that are different from those being used by other children.
- Parallel Play: play next to, but not in interaction with peers, often using the same type of materials (ex: dolls, blocks.)
- Associative Play: playing with other children, sharing toys and interacting, but with no overall organization of the group to achieve a common goal.
- Cooperative play: playing as part of a group that has a common goal such as building a structure, creating a make-believe situation such as a “house” with assigned roles, or playing sports.
How do preschoolers choose their friends?
Tend to choose friends who are more similar themselves in their tendency to be aggressive or positive to other children, and they are more attracted to another child who enjoy the same play activities as they do.
What is sociometry and how do researchers study this concept
• Sociometry: use this to study peer acceptance. Researchers ask the children to nominate the children they like the most or the least, the choices of all the children are then combined to determine the overall level of social acceptance or rejection of each child in the peer group.
o Popular children: a lot of likeable nominations and very few unlikeable nominations
o Rejected children: a lot of unlikeable nominations and few likeable nominations
o Average children: pretty even number of both nominations
o Neglected children: few nominations in either category
o Controversial children: a large number of nominations from both categories
What are the two categories of rejected children and how are they distinguished from each other
- Rejected-aggressive children: rejected because they are aggressive; unaware peers dislike them and as a result they continue to be aggressive and are an increased risk of conduct problems and criminality later in life. More likely to interpret other behaviors of hostile (hostile attribution bias)
- Rejected-withdrawn children: rejected because they are socially withdrawn and anxious. Shy, nervous, or depressed and withdrawal from contact with peers and are not seen as good playmates. These children tend to be aware of their rejection and suffer emotionally as a result.
Explain rejection sensitivity and how it plays a role in an individuals’ ability to cope with rejection.
- How sensitive a child is to rejection?
* The effects of rejection can be mediated by how sensitive one is regarding rejection
