Chapter 12

Question 1

Who tested on mice?

Answer 1

Griffith.

Question 2

What did Griffith discover?

Answer 2

Griffith discovered that when a harmless bacteria strain was combined with a harmful heat-killed bacteria strain the harmless bacteria would become virulent. This is an example of transformation

Question 3

What does virulent?

Answer 3

Virulent means able to cause disease.

Question 4

What is transformation?

Answer 4

Transformation is when there is a change in a phenotype caused when bacterial cells take up foreign genetic material.

Question 5

What did Avery discover?

Answer 5

Avery found that DNA is the material responsible for transformation.

Question 6

What did Hershey and Chase discover?

Answer 6

Using bacteriophages Hershey and Chase discovered DNA, not proteins is the source of genetic material.

Question 7

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 7

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria

Question 8

What is the shape of DNA?

Answer 8

A double helix of nucleotides

Question 9

What does DNA do?

Answer 9

Controls the production of proteins.

Question 10

What is a nucleotide?

Answer 10

The monomer of DNA.

Question 11

What are a nucleotide’s three parts?

Answer 11

Five Carbon Sugar, A phosphate group, and one nitrogen base.

Question 12

What are the four options of nitrogen base for a nucleotide?

Answer 12

Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, or Thymine.

Question 13

Who discovered the Laws of Base-Pairing?

Answer 13

Erwin Chargaff.

Question 14

Which nitrogen bases pair together?

Answer 14

Adenine pairs to Thymine and Cytosine pairs to Guanine.

Question 15

How are nitrogen bases paired?

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonds.

Question 16

Who ‘discovered’ the double helix?

Answer 16

Watson and Crick.

Question 17

Who actually discovered the double helix, but died because they were exposed to radiation?

Answer 17

Rosalind Franklin.

Question 18

What does DNA look like?

Answer 18

A twisted ladder.

Question 19

What are the ‘sides’ of the ‘ladders’ of DNA?

Answer 19

Alternating Sugar and Phosphate groups.

Question 20

What are the ‘rungs’ of the ‘ladder’ of DNA

Answer 20

The base pairing Adenine to Thymine and Guanine to Cytosine nitrogen bases.

Question 21

How many hydrogen bonds do the Adenine and Thymine pair have?

Answer 21

Adenine and Thymine have two hydrogen bonds.

Question 22

How many hydrogen bonds do the Cytosine and Guanine pair have?

Answer 22

Cytosine and Guanine have three hydrogen bonds.

Question 23

What do chromosomes contain?

Answer 23

Chromatin, which contains tightly packed DNA and histones.

Question 24

What is a histone?

Answer 24

A protein that DNA wraps around.

Question 25

What are DNA and histones combined called?

Answer 25

Nucleosome.

Question 26

What is DNA replication and when does it occur?

Answer 26

The process of making a copy of DNA during the S phase. One strand of DNA acts as a template on which the other strand is built.

Question 27

What is the name of the enzyme that unwinds the double helix?

Answer 27

DNA Helicases.

Question 28

What is a complex basic summary of DNA replication?

Answer 28

The double helix strands split and DNA polymerase adds replaces the bases for each strand. DNA polymerase then detaches from the strands.

Question 29

What is a replication fork?

Answer 29

The point where DNA splits during DNA replication.

Question 30

What is DNA polymerase?

Answer 30

DNA polymerase adds new nitrogen bases during DNA replication and proofreads during DNA replication.

Question 31

What is RNA?

Answer 31

Ribonucleic acid, or RNA, is basically just one strand of DNA.

Question 32

What are the three kinds of RNA?

Answer 32

Messenger RNA (mRNA), Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and Transfer RNA (tRNA).

Question 33

What nitrogen base does RNA have that DNA doesn't?

Answer 33

Uracil.

Question 34

What kind of sugars does RNA have?

Answer 34

Ribose sugar.

Question 35

What kind of sugar does DNA have?

Answer 35

Deoxyribose.

Question 36

What is messenger RNA?

Answer 36

mRNA is an RNA produced by transcription that transmits information for protein synthesis. mRNA passes the message of DNA to ribosomes.

Question 37

What is transfer RNA?

Answer 37

tRNA is a single strand of RNA that temporarily carries a specific amino acid on one end while the other has an anticodon.

Question 38

What is ribosomal RNA?

Answer 38

rRNA is a part of the structure of ribosomes.

Question 39

What is transcription?

Answer 39

When the instructions for making proteins are passed from a gene to tRNA, which occurs inside the nucleus.

Question 40

What is a codon?

Answer 40

A codon is three nucleotides put together.

Question 41

What is translation?

Answer 41

When the instructions on the RNA molecule are used to put together amino acids and make proteins. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm on ribosomes.

Question 42

What are mutations?

Answer 42

Changes in genetic material.

Question 43

What are point mutations?

Answer 43

Point mutations are when one or just a few nucleotides in a gene are changed.

Question 44

What are frameshift mutations?

Answer 44

Frameshift mutations change the entire reading frame of the genetic message.

Question 45

What is a promoter?

Answer 45

The binding site for RNA polymerase.

Question 46

What is an operator?

Answer 46

A piece of DNA that overlaps the promoter site and serves as the on-off switch for RNA polymerase.

Question 47

What is an operon?

Answer 47

Operons are found in prokaryotes and are both the promoter and the operator.

Question 48

What is a repressor?

Answer 48

Repressors are proteins that bind to the operator in an operon to switch off transcription.