Chapter 12-14

Question 1

characters that reduce survival

Answer 1

deleterious or costly

Question 2

certain traits increase an individual’s chances of finding a mate and reproducing, even if those traits don’t necessarily help with survival

Answer 2

theory of sexual selection

Question 3

one large class of apparently costly characters those found usually in males

Answer 3

secondary sexual characters

Question 4

things like genitalia that are needed for breeding

Answer 4

primary sexual characters

Question 5

not actually needed for breeding, but they function during reproduction

Answer 5

secondary sexual characters

Question 6

A process where individuals with traits that increase their chances of attracting mates are more likely to reproduce and pass on those traits to the next generation

Answer 6

sexual selection

Question 7

“depends on the advantage which certain individuals have over other individuals of the same sex and species, in exclusive relation to reproduction”

Answer 7

theory of sexual selection

Question 8

model of sexual selection explaining how exaggerated traits (like a peacock’s tail) can evolve due to a feedback loop between mate preference and trait development

Answer 8

runaway sexual selection

Question 9

aims to define which individuals belongs to which species at any instant in time

Answer 9

horizontal concept

Question 10

aims to define species which individuals belong to which species at all times

Answer 10

vertical concept

Question 11

defines species in terms of interbreeding

Answer 11

biological species concept

Question 12

species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups

Answer 12

biological species concept

Question 13

means that members of the species do not interbreed with members of other species, because they have some attributes that prevent interbreeding

Answer 13

reproductively isolated

Question 14

movement of genes through a species by migration and interbreeding

Answer 14

gene flow

Question 15

sexual interbreeding within a species

Answer 15

cohesion

Question 16

defines species as a set of organisms with a shared specific mate recognition system (SMRS)

Answer 16

recognition species concept

Question 17

sensory method by which organisms recognize potential mates

Answer 17

specific mate recognition system

Question 18

set of resources and habitats exploited by the members of a species

Answer 18

ecological niche

Question 19

defines a species as the set of organisms exploiting a single niche

Answer 19

ecological species concept

Question 20

define a species as a set of organisms who exploit a certain set of niches, where the set includes the niches exploited by different life stages, genders, or other forms within the species

Answer 20

ecological species concept

Question 21

two species competing for the same limited resource cannot coexist indefinitely

Answer 21

competitive exclusion

Question 22

comes in the form of discrete species because of adaptation to exploit the resources in nature

Answer 22

life (according to the ecological species concept)

Question 23

set of organisms that are phenetically similar, and distinct from other sets of organisms; defines species in general by shared phenetic attributes

Answer 23

phenetic species concept

Question 24

a specimen where the description of a new species is named is based from

Answer 24

type specimen

Question 25

species consists of all individuals that look sufficiently similar to the type specimen of the species.

Answer 25

typological species concept

Question 26

set of organisms of sufficient phenetic distinctness (where the word “sufficient” could be made precise by the statistical methods used to describe phenetic similarity)

Answer 26

numerical taxonomists’ phenetic species concept

Question 27

any evolved character of the two species that stops them from interbreeding

Answer 27

isolating barrier

Question 28

means that zygotes are never formed, for instance because members of the two species are adapted to different habitats and never meet, or have different courtships and do not recognize each other as potential mates

Answer 28

Prezygotic isolation

Question 29

prevent the formation of hybrid zygotes

Answer 29

Premating or prezygotic mechanisms

Question 30

The populations concerned occur in different habitats in the same general region

Answer 30

Ecological or habitat isolation

Question 31

Mating or flowering times occur at different seasons

Answer 31

Seasonal or temporal isolation

Question 32

Mutual attraction between the sexes of different species is weak or absent

Answer 32

Sexual or ethological isolation

Question 33

Physical non-correspondence of the genitalia or the flower parts prevents copulation or the transfer of pollen

Answer 33

Mechanical isolation

Question 34

In flowering plants, related species may be specialized to attract different insects as pollinators

Answer 34

Isolation by different pollinators

Question 35

In organisms with external fertilization, female and male gametes may not be attracted to each other.

Answer 35

gametic isolation

Question 36

In organisms with internal fertilization, the gametes or gametophytes of one species may be inviable in the sexual ducts or in the styles of other species

Answer 36

gametic isolation

Question 37

reduce the viability or fertility of hybrid zygotes

Answer 37

Postmating or postzygotic isolating mechanisms

Question 38

Hybrid zygotes have reduced viability or are inviable

Answer 38

hybrid inviability

Question 39

The F1 hybrids of one sex or of both sexes fail to produce functional gametes

Answer 39

Hybrid sterility

Question 40

The F2 or backcross hybrids have reduced viability or fertility

Answer 40

hybrid breakdown

Question 41

the members of two species may meet, mate, and form zygotes, but the hybrid offspring are inviable or sterile

Answer 41

postzygotic isolation

Question 42

a form of male competition, and its outcome may well be influenced by female choice

Answer 42

sperm competition

Question 43

Animals tend to be larger in colder regions, presumably for reasons of thermoregulation.

Answer 43

Bergmann's rule

Question 44

two chromosomes join together at their terminal centromeres

Answer 44

chromosomal fusion

Question 45

Natural selection favors whichever chromosomal form is locally common

Answer 45

positive-frequency dependent selection

Question 46

gradient of continuous variation, in a phenotypic or genetic character, within a species

Answer 46

cline

Question 47

the movements of individuals, or their pollen in the case of plants

Answer 47

gene flow

Question 48

sudden change in the environment

Answer 48

ecotone

Question 49

type individual, and other individuals like it, are in some sense “better” examples of their species a they are more real, or more representative, members of their species

Answer 49

typological thinking

Question 50

means dividing variation into good, type specimens that are more real members of their category, and accidental deviants that are less good members of the category

Answer 50

typological thinking

Question 51

one individual of the species is used to define each species

Answer 51

type specimen

Question 52

All the individuals of a species are equally good specimens of that species and they are equally representative of it

Answer 52

population thinking

Question 53

treats variation as real and important: no one individual within the range of variation is privileged in any way and all specimens are equally good members of a species

Answer 53

population thinking

Question 54

means that individuals of the two species differ more if they are sampled from a place where both species are present (sympatry, same place) than do individuals sampled from places where only one of the species is present (allopatry, other place)

Answer 54

character displacement

Question 55

means that sympatric populations of two species differ more than do allopatric populations of the same two species

Answer 55

character displacement

Question 56

Why character displacement is difficult to detect?

Answer 56

because it requires two competing species to have partly overlapping ranges. Many pairs of species either have completely separate ranges, or ranges that are very similar; in either case, it is impossible to study character displacement.

Question 57

exists when, for instance, two species have different courtship or mate choices, or different breeding seasons

Answer 57

prezygotic isolation

Question 58

exists when two species do interbreed, but their hybrid offspring have low viability or fertility

Answer 58

postzygotic isolation

Question 59

if a new species evolves in geographic isolation from its ancestor

Answer 59

allopatric speciation

Question 60

If the new species evolves in a geographically contiguous population

Answer 60

parapatric speciation

Question 61

If the new species evolves within the geographic range of its ancestor

Answer 61

sympatric speciation

Question 62

a small, isolated population that splits off from a larger parent population, often leading to allopatric speciation due to limited gene flow, genetic drift, and different selective pressures

Answer 62

peripheral isolate

Question 63

evolved property of a species that prevents interbreeding

Answer 63

isolating barrier

Question 64

explains how reproductive isolation can evolve between two populations without requiring harmful mutations. As two populations diverge, they accumulate different genetic changes at different genes.

Answer 64

Dobzhansky–Muller theory

Question 65

requires that separately advantageous, but jointly disadvantageous, genes be fixed in two populations; works in allopatry

Answer 65

Dobzhansky–Muller theory

Question 66

weakly tied to the theory of allopatric speciation; works in sympatry

Answer 66

reinforcement

Question 67

the process where natural selection strengthens reproductive barriers to avoid the production of unfit or sterile hybrids

Answer 67

reinforcement

Question 68

stepped cline in which the forms on either side of the boundary are sufficiently different that they can easily be recognized

Answer 68

hybrid zone

Question 69

exists when the hybrids between the forms on either side of the boundary are selectively disadvantageous

Answer 69

tension zone

Question 70

if it evolved while the species had approximately their current geographic distribution

Answer 70

primary hybrid zone

Question 71

if in the past the species was subdivided into separate populations, where the differences between the forms evolved, and the populations later expanded and met up at what is now the hybrid zone

Answer 71

secondary hybrid zone

Question 72

can be used to test whether speciation has been sympatric or allopatric

Answer 72

phylogenies

Question 73

difference in appearance between males and females of the same species, such as in size, color, or structure, beyond just reproductive organs

Answer 73

sexual dimorphism