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A & P Unit 3 > Chapter 12-14 The Brain > Flashcards

Chapter 12-14 The Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Cerebrum

A

largest portion of the brain

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2
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

makes up 40% of brain mass

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3
Q

What enables sensation, communication, memory, understanding, and voluntary movements

A

Cerebral cortex

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4
Q

In the cerebral cortex, each hemisphere acts

A

contralaterally (controls the opposite side of the body)

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5
Q

The cerebral cortex has three basic regions. They are

A

cortex, white matter and basal nuclei

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6
Q

The cerebral cortex hemispheres are separated by the

A

longitudinal fissure

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7
Q

The cerebral cortex has gyri, sulci and

A

fissures

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8
Q

Gyri

A

elevated ridges

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9
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves

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10
Q

fissures

A

deep grooves

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11
Q

Cerebral hemispheres form the superior part of the brain and make up 83% of it’s mass

A

cerebral cortex

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12
Q

4 Lobes

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

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13
Q

Frontal lobe

A

motor area

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14
Q

Parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

A

sensory

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15
Q

The frontal lobe is made up of the following

A

primary motor cortex
pre motor cortex
Broca’s area
Frontal eye field

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16
Q

The primary motor cortex allows

A

conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscle

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17
Q

The pre motor cortex controls

A

learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills and coordinates muscle groups

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18
Q

Broca’s area is a motor speech area that directs

A

muscles of the tongue. its active as one prepares to speak

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19
Q

Broca’s area is usually present in

A

one hemisphere, usually the left hemisphere only

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20
Q

Frontal eye field controls

A

voluntary eye movement

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21
Q

The parietal lobe is made up of the

A

primary somatosensory cortex and the somatosensory association cortex

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22
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles

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23
Q

the somatosensory association cortex integrates

A

sensory input, temperature and pressure

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24
Q

The somatosensory association cortex determines

A

size, texture, and relationship of parts

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25
The occipital lobe has the
primary visual cortex and the visual association area
26
The primary visual cortex receives
information from the retina of the eye
27
The visual association area interprets
visual stimuli (color, form and movement) and uses past experience to recognize what we are seeing
28
The primary auditory cortex, auditory association area, vestibular cortex, olfactory cortex, gustatory cortex and the visceral sensory area are all part of the
Temporal lobe
29
the primary auditory cortex
receives information from inner ear related to pitch, rhythm, and loudness
30
auditory association area stores
memories of sounds and permits perception of sound
31
vestibular cortex
balance, position of head
32
olfactory cortex
smell, impulses from olfactory tracts
33
gustatory cortex
taste
34
visceral sensory area
conscious perception of visceral sensation-upset stomach, full bladder
35
Language areas include
aphasias, Broca's area and Wernicke's area
36
Aphasias are
speech and language disorders due to injury or stroke
37
Broca's area is for
speech preparation and production
38
If there is left (frontal) damage to Brocha's area there will be
poor speech, but able to understand speech
39
Wernicke's area is
sounding out unfamiliar words
40
if there is left (Temporal) damage to Wernicke's area there will be
rapid speech without meaning, unable to understand written or spoken language
41
amnesia
loss of memory
42
long term memory can be declarative and
nondeclarative
43
nondeclarative (implicit)
skills and conditioning | like tying a shoe lace...it doesn't require conscious thought
44
declarative (explicit)
verbalized memories | semantic and episodic
45
semantic
fact | names of bones
46
episodic
event | recall taking a lab practical over bones
47
long term memory--consolidation from short term to long term is a function of the
medial temporal lobe
48
short term memory | if damage to left medial temporal lobe
impairs verbal memory
49
short term memory | if damage to right medial temporal lobe
impairs nonverbal-can't recognize faces
50
amygdala
memory of fear responses
51
long term memory | left inferior frontal lobe
math calculations
52
long term memory | prefrontal cortex
complex problem solving, planning activities
53
long term memory | lateral prefrontal damage
lack of motivation and sexual desire
54
multimodal association areas | information flows from sensory receptors to primary sensory cortex to a sensory association cortex then to the
multimodal association cortex
55
anterior association area-frontal lobe
intellect, learning, personality, judgement, reasoning, persistence and planning
56
posterior association areas-parts of temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes
recognizing patterns and faces, binding different sensory inputs into a whole
57
people with damage to the posterior association areas on the right side of the brain
refuse to wash or dress the left side of their body because "that doesn't belong to me"
58
limbic association area
emotional impact
59
cerebral white matter is
deep to cortex
60
cerebral white matter has
commissures, association fibers, and projection fibers
61
commissures
connect two hemispheres-corpus callosum
62
association fibers
connect different parts of the same hemisphere
63
projection fibers
connect lower brain or cord centers to and from the cortex
64
secondary brain vesicles
``` telencephalon diencephalon mesencephalon metencephalon myelencephalon ```
65
telencephalon-cerebrum
cortex, white matter, and basal nuclei
66
diencephalon-thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
thalamus-editing, virtually all sensory inputs and other inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex funnel through the thalamic nuclei
67
mesencephalon-brain stem
midbrain
68
metencephalon-brain stem
pons
69
myelencephalon-brain stem
medulla oblongata
70
hypothalamus | 1. endocrine system control
control anterior pituitary gland and produce ADH and oxytocin
71
hypothalamus | 2. autonomic control center
- cardiac, smooth muscle, glands - controls activity of centers in the brain stem and spinal cord - blood pressure, heart rate, digestive tract motility, pupil size
72
hypothalamus | 3. body temperature regulation
sweating and shivering
73
hypothalamus | 4. hunger/satiety
in response to changing blood levels of nutrients like glucose and amino acids
74
hypothalamus | 6. sleep/wake cycles
suprachiasmatic nucleus-cues from visual paths
75
hypothalamus | 7. emotional response center
fear, pleasure, rage, sex drive, biological rhythms
76
epithalamus
pineal gland | it secretes melatonin
77
parts of the brain stem
mid brain pons medulla oblongata
78
functional systems
limbic system | reticular activating system
79
limbic system
emotional brain | emotional smells -- memories
80
reticular activating system
alertness | parents, kids voice in a crowd, sounds while sleeping/hearing your name
81
how the brain works
blood flow, anxiety, depression, learning and aging
82
chemical imbalances in the brain
(depression/anxiety) exercise can help balance this out
83
meninges
cover and protect CNS | contain cerebrospinal fluid
84
dura mater
tough, leathery
85
arachnoid mater
subarachnoid space, threadlike extensions secure poa mater | spiderweb like
86
arachnoid mater contains
cerebrospinal fluid, blood vessels
87
pia mater
delicate tissue, not very many blood vessels, clings to brain tissue
88
cerebrospinal fluid
helps nourish the brain
89
meningitis
bacteria or viral infection
90
hydrocephalus
blocked drainage of cerebral spinal fluid
91
concussion
an alteration in brain function following a blow to the head
92
contusion
more serious injury can cause bruising of the brain | a coma may be permanent due to damage
93
subdural or subarachnoid hemorrhage
must remove hematoma
94
cerebral edema
swelling in the brain caused by the presence of extra fluid
95
Alzheimer's disease
mental deterioration that can occur in middle or old age due to generalized degeneration of the brain inherited mutation
96
Parkinson's
degeneration or dopamine releasing neurons of the substantia nigra
97
Huntington's disease
fatal hereditary disease

A & P Unit 3 (3 decks)

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