Chapter 12

Question 1

deglutition

Answer 1

act of swallowing

Question 2

cleft lip/cleft palate

Answer 2

• common (affects 1 in 750)
• lip and palate do not form correctly
• genetic (chromosomal abnormalities)
• environmental (viral/smoking)

Question 3

problems with cleft lip/palate

Answer 3

• cosmetic
• dental
• speech
• swallowing
• hearing
• facial repair

Question 4

diagnosis of cleft lip/palate

Answer 4

ultrasound around 12 weeks

Question 5

treatment of cleft lip/palate

Answer 5

surgical repair

Question 6

plaque

Answer 6

bacterial accumulation

Question 7

tartar

Answer 7

calcified plaque

Question 8

gingivitis

Answer 8

inflammation of gums

Question 9

peridontitis

Answer 9

inflammation of the peridontium

Question 10

cold sores are due to..

Answer 10

herpes simplex virus (HSV) 1

Question 11

cold sores

Answer 11

blister like lesions on face or inside mouth

Question 12

cold sores are..

Answer 12

• very contagious
• lie dormant in nervous tissue
• reactive during stress

Question 13

canker sores (aphthous stomatitis)

Answer 13

• painful open sore on the inside of the mouth
• gradually heal in 7=10 days
• unknown cause
• not contagious

Question 14

upper respiratory infection cause

Answer 14

viruses (antibiotics won’t work)

Question 15

are upper respiratory infections contagious?

Answer 15

yes, spread by coughing and sneezing

Question 16

upper respiratory infection clinical presentations

Answer 16

• sore throat (pharyngitis)
• nasal discharge (rhinitis)
• headache
• fever
• fatigue
• other symptoms possible

Question 17

upper respiratory infection complications in children and older adults

Answer 17

• predisposes children to otitis media
• enlarged tonsils may partially obstruct breathing
• can lead to pneumonia in older adults

Question 18

sinusitis

Answer 18

• inflammation of the respiratory mucosa lining sinus cavities
• can become blocked and filled with fluid and mucous
• reservoir for bacteria/fungus

Question 19

symptoms of sinusitis

Answer 19

• nasal congestion
• headaches
• facial pain
• thick and discolored mucoid nasal discharge
• postnasal drainage

Question 20

chronic sinusitis treatment

Answer 20

• antibiotics/antifungals may not always work
• steroid therapy may reduce inflammation
• surgery can sometimes be helpful

Question 21

allergic rhinitis (hay fever)

Answer 21

allergic response to environmental antigens

Question 22

triggers for allergic rhinitis

Answer 22

• pollens
• grass
• dusts
• animals

Question 23

symptoms for allergic rhinitis

Answer 23

• runny nose
• scratchy throat
• itchy eyes

Question 24

otitis media

Answer 24

inflammation of middle ear

Question 24

treatment for allergic rhinitis

Answer 24

- antihistamines - decongestants - eye drops - desensitization therapy

Question 25

otitis media is most common in..

Answer 25

infants and young children with URIs

Question 26

causes of hearing loss

Answer 26

- genetic - infectious - degenerative - traumatic - often iatrogenic (side effect of medical treatment)

Question 27

hearing loss is classified as either..

Answer 27

- sensorineural - conductive

Question 28

sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 28

- problem in nervous component - damaged cochlea and/or auditory nerve

Question 29

conductive hearing loss

Answer 29

damaged ear canal

Question 30

presbycusis

Answer 30

- hearing loss occurring with increasing age - starts with high frequencies - usually symmetrical - associated with tinnitis (hearing loss) - generally attributed to nonspecific degeneration of hearing apparatus

Question 31

hearing loss treatment

Answer 31

hearing aids - work by amplifying sound waves

Question 32

why are hearing aids sometimes avoided?

Answer 32

- uncomfortable and unsightly - rapidly fill with cerumen (ear wax) - require costly batteries

Question 33

cochlear implants

Answer 33

- conduct sound through the skull bone - safe and rarely complicated by infection - only used when hearing loss is very severe - people born deaf

Question 34

squamous cell carcinoma

Answer 34

carcinoma of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx

Question 35

squamous cell carcinomas are associated with significant morbidity and mortality because..

Answer 35

- excision leaves loss of function - deeper in throat can cause hoarseness, pain or difficulty swallowing - on the palate, it causes obstruction of the nasopharyngeal passages

Question 36

leukoplakia

Answer 36

white spots/patches, detects squamous cell carcinomas

Question 37

loss of ability to masticate includes:

Answer 37

- loss of teeth - extensive cancer operations - severe congenital abnormalities

Question 38

organ failure of the mouth leads to..

Answer 38

difficulty maintaining caloric intake

Question 39

impaired deglutition (swallowing) may result from:

Answer 39

- neuromuscular diseases (ALS) - cerebrovascular accident (stroke) - extensive surgery for cancer - age

Question 40

obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 40

- patient repeatedly stops breathing during sleep (builds up CO2 in blood) - caused by collapse of pharyngeal passages when the patient is relaxed and supine

Question 41

treatment of obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 41

positive pressure ventilator