Chapter 1.2 Flashcards by K M

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one
another – this can be studied with live organisms, preserved
organisms or parts, physical models, computer models, diagrams.

Anatomy

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What is Anatomy?

Study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one
another – this can be studied with live organisms, preserved
organisms or parts, physical models, computer models, diagrams.

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Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-
sustaining activities – this can only be studied with live specimens
or via videos or simulations

Physiology

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What is Physiology?

Study of the function of body parts; how they work to carry out life-
sustaining activities – this can only be studied with live specimens
or via videos or simulations

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Gross or macroscopic anatomy is the study of large, visible structures.

Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of
the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm…
System anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular,
nervous, muscular, etc.)
Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to
overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

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… or … anatomy is the study of large, visible structures

Gross or macroscopic

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… anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm.

Regional anatomy

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What is Regional anatomy?

Regional anatomy looks at all structures in a particular area of the body – such as the head and neck, the torso, the arm.

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… anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.)

System anatomy

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What is System anatomy?

System anatomy looks at just one system (cardiovascular, nervous, muscular, etc.)

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… anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

Surface anatomy

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What is Surface anatomy?

Surface anatomy looks at internal structures as they relate to
overlying skin (visible muscle masses or veins seen on surface)

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Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen
with the naked eye
* Cytology: microscopic study of cells
* Histology: microscopic study of tissues

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Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life
* Embryology: study of developments before birth

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… anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Microscopic anatomy

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Microscopic anatomy deals with …

Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen
with the naked eye

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… anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life

Developmental anatomy

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Microscopic study of tissues

Histology

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Microscopic study of cells

Cytology

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Histology

Microscopic study of tissues

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Cytology

Microscopic study of cells

What is Developmental anatomy?

Developmental anatomy studies anatomical and physiological
development throughout life

Subdivisions of physiology

Based on organ systems (e.g., renal or cardiovascular physiology)
Often focuses on cellular and molecular levels of the body
Looks at how the body’s abilities are dependent on chemical reactions in individual cells

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable
* Function always reflects structure
* What a structure can do depends on its specific form
* Known as the principle of complementarity of structure and
function

- Humans have evolved as omnivores – our teeth are a great example of complementarity of form and function * Our incisors cut foods like apples and carrots, our canines grip foods like meat for shredding, and our premolars and molars grind up foods of all types * Our teeth are dramatically different from those of a carnivore or an herbivore

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level. Chemical level: ...

atoms, molecules, and organelles

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level. Cellular level: ...

single cell

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level. Tissue level: ...

groups of similar (sometimes dissimilar) cells that work together

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level. Organ level: ...

contains two or more types of tissues that combine to form a functional unit

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level. Organ system level:

organs that work closely together

The human body is very organized, from the smallest chemical level to whole organism level. Organismal level:

all organ systems combined to make the whole organism

Maintenance of life involves:

* Maintaining boundaries * Movement * Responsiveness * Digestion * Metabolism * Excretion * Reproduction * Growth

Maintaining boundaries * Separation between internal and external environments must exist * Plasma membranes separate cells * Skin separates organism from environment

Movement * Muscular system allows movement * Of body parts via skeletal muscles * Of substances via cardiac muscle (blood) and smooth muscle (digestion, urination)

... refers to movement at the cellular level

Contractility

Responsiveness * Ability to sense and respond to stimuli * Withdrawal reflex prevents injury * Control of breathing rate, which must change in response to different activities

Digestion * Breakdown of ingested foodstuffs, followed by absorption of simple molecules into blood

Marathon runners demonstrate two characteristics of living humans ... and ...

Responsiveness and movement. Anatomic structures and physiological processes allow runners to coordinate the action of muscle groups and sweat in response to rising internal body temperature.

Metabolism * All chemical reactions that occur in body cells * Sum of all catabolism (breakdown of molecules) and anabolism (synthesis of molecules)

Anatomy means to ...

cut up

Excretion * Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion * Urea (from breakdown of proteins), carbon dioxide (from metabolism), feces (unabsorbed foods)

Reproduction * At the cellular level, reproduction involves division of cells for growth or repair * At the organismal level, reproduction is the production of offspring

Growth * Increase in size of a body part or of organism

Humans are ..., so to function, individual cells must be kept alive * Organ systems are designed to service the cells * All cells depend on organ systems to meet their survival needs

multicellular

There are 11 organ systems that work together to maintain life

Integumentary system (skin) Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphatic Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive systems.

Humans need several factors for survival that must be in the appropriate amounts; too much or too little can be harmful:

* Nutrients * Oxygen * Water * Normal body temperature * Appropriate atmospheric pressure

Nutrients * Chemicals for energy and cell building ... ... ... ...

* Carbohydrates: major source of energy * Proteins: needed for cell building and cell chemistry * Fats: long-term energy storage * Minerals and vitamins: involved in chemical reactions as well as for structural purposes

Oxygen * Essential for release of energy from foods * The body can survive only a few minutes without oxygen

... * Most abundant chemical in body; provides the watery environment needed for chemical reactions * Also is fluid base for secretions and excretions

Water

Normal body temperature * If body temp falls below or goes above ... °C, rates of chemical reactions are affected

37°C

Appropriate atmospheric pressure * Specific pressure of air is needed for adequate breathing and gas exchange in lungs