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PSYCH 105 MIDTERM > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

personality

A

how you behave, think and feel

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2
Q

what are the 4 main approaches to personality

A

trait (biological)
psychodynamic
humanistic (existential)
social (cognitive)

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3
Q

self report

A

series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their behaviour or mental state

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4
Q

MMPI-2-RF

A

well researched clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems

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5
Q

what method does mmpi-2-rf use

A

actuarial method: used to calculate and predict benefits, expenses and income in the equation.

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6
Q

projective techniques

A

standard series of ambigous stimuli to elicit certain responses
ex ink blot test

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7
Q

thematic apperception test

A

have to tell a story based on an image, the underlying themes/characters can show how the person sees the wrold

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8
Q

trait approach to personality

A

uses trait terms to categorize differences among individuals

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9
Q

what are the challenges to the trait approach to personality

A

narrowing the most infinite set of adjectives
discovering why people have particular traits and if they are biological or hereditary

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10
Q

factor analysis

A

items sorted into small dimensions, argument about how many core factors exist

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11
Q

what did raymond cattel propose in 1950

A

16 factor theory

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12
Q

what did hans eysenck do in 1967

A

simplified personality theory to just 2 major tracks

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13
Q

what personality theory is the most popular

A

the 5 factor theory

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14
Q

what are the 5 factors in the 5 factor personality theory

A

OCEAN
- openness to experience
- conscientiousness
- extraversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism

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15
Q

what does the 5 factor theory account for

A

variability without overlap and multiple observer agreeability

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16
Q

why is the 5 factor theory the most popular

A
  • studies with different data reveal the same 5 factors
  • the 5 factor structure shows up across wide participant range
  • a more biological view on personality
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17
Q

what can cause personality to change

A
  • brain damage
  • brain pathologies
  • pharmaceutical treatment
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18
Q

what makes a personality test unacceptable

A

creator subjectivity, reliability and validity may be questioned
ex: myers briggs type

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19
Q

what makes a personality test acceptable

A

simple, no trait typing, accuracy depends on honest and self reflective answers
ex: big 5 model

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20
Q

what does behavioural genetics look for

A
  • correlations between monozygotic and dizygotic twins
  • the greater the similarity in personality the greater the overlap in genes
    variability among individuals: 40% genes 60% environment
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21
Q

what does heritability estimate for the big 5 traits in people that are related

A

-0.44 to 0.54

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22
Q

how does personality relate to political stance

A

conservatism and liberalism and chromosomal regions are linked to mental flexibility

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23
Q

when do personality differences start to show between male and females

A

adolescence

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24
Q

social role theory

A

personality characteristics result from different cultural standards and expectations between genders

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25
bem sex role inventory
being psychologically androgynous can be beneficial, if you dont succumb to societal expectations you show your natural personality traits
26
psychodynamic approach to personality
our minds/behaviours are motivated by the unconscious/subconscious
27
id
"lizard brain" "animal self" contains basic drives and needs/wants particularly sexual and aggressive
28
ego
mostly unconscious part. developed through experience and helps us deal with the conflict between the id and superego
29
super ego
mental system that goes through both conscious and unconscious (morals/values, moral conscience)
30
how do people relieve themselves from the conflict between the id and superego
defense mechanisms
31
defense mechanisms
unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by the threats from unacceptable impulses
32
what are the defense mechanisms
rationalization reaction formation projection regression displacement identification sublimation
33
rationalization
the action of attempting to explain or justify behavior or an attitude with logical reasons, even if these are not appropriate.
34
reaction formation
behaving in a way opposite to how you actually feel
35
projection
putting your own faults on another person
36
regression
returning to immature behaviours to express emotion, acting younger than you are
37
displacement
satisfying an impulse with a substitute object
38
identification
patterning of oneself after another
39
sublimation
satisfying an impulse with a substitute object in a socially acceptable way
40
psychosexual stages
distinct early life stages through which personality s formed as children experience sexual pleasrues from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with these
41
what are the psychosexual stages
oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
42
oral stage
experience centres on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking and being fed
43
anal
stage which is dominated bt the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, toilet training
44
phallic
experience is dominated by pleasure, conflict and frustration associated with the genital region, coping with incestuous feelings of love/hate/jealousy/conflict
45
latency
primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal and athletic skills
46
genital
the coming together of the mature adult personality with the capacity to love, work and relate to others in a satisfying and reciprocated manner
47
humanistic psychologist
emphasize a positive view on human nature, emphasize goodness and potential growth
48
existentialist psychologist
focus on individuals as free agents, free to create life while negotiating the issue of meaning and death
49
humanistic existential
approach integrates these insights with a focus on how a personality can be optimal
50
self actualizing tendency
human motive towards realizing our inner potential
51
who coined the term flow focus
mihaly csikszentmihalyi
52
what is the flow focus
a state in which the engagement of tasks match our abilities/challenge us but not too much
53
existential approach
regards personality as governed by an individuals ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
54
angst
anxiety full of being
55
social cognitive approach
views personality in terms of how the person thinks about daily life and situations encountered and behaves in response to them
56
what is the person-situation controversy
is behavior caused more by personality or situational factors
57
who said that personality traits does little to predict behaviour
walter mischel
58
personal constructs
dimensiosn people use in making sense of their experiences
59
who initially proposed personal constructs
george kelly
60
what are personal construals
different personal constructs
61
what do personal construals do
- differences in perspective in the percievers personality - different construals are key to personality differences - different situations evoke different responses that are experience dependent
62
outcome expectancies
persons assumptions about the likely consequences of a future behavior
63
what is combined with outcome expectancies to create characteristic style of behaviour
goals
64
locus of control
coined by julian rotter a persons tendency to percieve the control of rewards as internal ot the self or external to the environment
65
what does self recognition in mirrors contribute to
reflexive thinking, directs attention to our thoughts/feelings/actions, enables us to construct ideas about our personality
66
self concept
persons explicit knowledge of their own behaviour/traitss
67
self narratives
stories we tell about ourselves, bound into self concept
68
self schema
set traits we use to define ourselves
69
what did hazel markus say about self schemas
each person finds certain unique personality traits and they use these to judge the self
70
do self narratives and traits always match
no
71
self verification
tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self concept
72
Is stable and promotes consistent behaviour
self concept
73
self esteem
the extent to which a person likes themselves
74
what is a source of self esteem
how much others value you, specific self evaluations, comparisons, choices
75
implicit egotism
people are generally unaware of their preference for things similar to themselves
76
name-letter effect
shows how people prefer letters that are the same as the letter starting their first name

PSYCH 105 MIDTERM (5 decks)

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