Chapter 12

Question 1

thinking about the thoughts, feelings, motives, and behavior of the self and other people

Answer 1

social cognition

Question 2

paradigm assessing the understanding that people can hold incorrect beliefs and be influenced by them

Answer 2

false belief task

Question 3

understanding that people have mental states and these states underlie and help explain their behavior

Answer 3

theory of mind

Question 4

earliest theory of mind stating that people’s wants guide their behavior

Answer 4

desire psychology

Question 5

theory of mind stating that people’s wants and ideology guide their behavior

Answer 5

belief-desire psychology

Question 6

neural cell activated when performing an action or observing someone else performing it

Answer 6

mirror neuron

Question 7

ability to assume other people’s viewpoints and understand their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

Answer 7

perspective-taking skills

Question 8

ability to distinguish right from wrong, act accordingly, and experience pride when doing something right

Answer 8

morality

Question 9

mutual give and take by both parties in a human relationship

Answer 9

reciprocity

Question 10

vicarious experiencing of another person’s feelings

Answer 10

empathy

Question 11

positive action toward other people such as helping and cooperating

Answer 11

prosocial behavior

Question 12

action that violates norms, rules, or laws and harms others

Answer 12

antisocial behavior

Question 13

ability to avoid self-condemnation when engaged in immoral behavior by justifying or minimizing one’s actions

Answer 13

moral disengagement

Question 14

lack of a sense of what is right and wrong

Answer 14

amoral

Question 15

close, positive, and cooperative relationship in which child and parent are sensitive to each other’s needs

Answer 15

mutually responsive orientation

Question 16

standards of conduct that focus on the basic rights and privileges of individuals

Answer 16

morality rules

Question 17

standards of conduct determined by consensus indicating what is appropriate within a community

Answer 17

social-conventional rules

Question 18

willingness to give up a reward now for a more desirable reward later

Answer 18

delay of gratification

Question 19

parenting tactic that prevents misbehavior and therefore reduce the need for discipline

Answer 19

proactive parenting strategy

Question 20

form of discipline that involves withholding attention, affection, or approval after a child misbehaves

Answer 20

love withdrawal

Question 21

form of discipline that involves the use of authority to administer spankings and withhold privileges

Answer 21

power assertion

Question 22

form of discipline that involves explaining why behavior is wrong and emphasizes its effects on others

Answer 22

induction

Question 23

view that being caring, fair, and honest is a central aspect of who you are

Answer 23

moral identity

Question 24

thinking that occurs when people decide whether acts are right or wrong

Answer 24

moral reasoning

Question 25

lack of empathy for others, absence of remorse or guilt, and shallow or blunted emotions

Answer 25

callous - unemotional traits

Question 26

persistent pattern of behavior in which a child violates the rights of others or age-appropriate norms

Answer 26

conduct disorder

Question 27

tendency of aggressive individuals to assign malicious intentions to others

Answer 27

hostile attribution bias

Question 28

increasing loss of control over a child’s behavior as parent and child use forcible tactics to avoid unpleasant encounters

Answer 28

coercive cycle

Question 29

repeatedly inflicting harm through words or actions on weaker peers who cannot defend themselves

Answer 29

bullying

Question 30

view that deliberate thought and more automatic emotion-based intuitions can inform decisions and motivate behavior

Answer 30

dual-process model of morality