Chapter 12-21 Flashcards
(231 cards)
1
Q
anatomy
A
the structure of a body or body part
2
Q
physiology
A
how a body or body system functions
3
Q
organs
A
a structural unit in the body that performs a specific function
4
Q
tissues
A
groups of cells that perform similar functions
5
Q
cells
A
basic structural unit of the body that divides, develops, and dies, renewing tissues and organs
6
Q
homeostasis
A
the condition in which all of the body’s systems are balanced and are working together to maintain internal stability
7
Q
metabolism
A
physical and chemical processes by which substances are broken down or transformed into energy or products for use by the body
8
Q
integument
A
a natural protective covering
9
Q
dilate
A
to widen
10
Q
constrict
A
to narrow
11
Q
capillaries
A
tiny blood vessels that carry oxygen and nutrients to and remove carbon dioxide and wastes from cells throughout the body
12
Q
pressure points
A
area of the body that bears much of the body’s weight
13
Q
bony prominences
A
area of the body where the bone lies close to the skin
14
Q
pressure injuries
A
injury or wound that results from skin deterioration and shearing; also called pressure ulcer, pressure sore, bed sore, or decubitus ulcer
15
Q
foot drop
A
a weakness of muscles in the feet and ankles that causes difficulty with the ability to flex the ankles and walk normally
16
Q
scabies
A
a contagious skin infection caused by a tiny mite burrowing into the skin, where it lays eggs; causes intense itching and a skin rash that may look like thin burrow tracks
17
Q
shingles
A
a skin rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV) that causes pain, tingling, itching, and a rash of fluid-filled blisters
18
Q
fungus
A
a type of living organism that can sometimes cause infection; Candida is a common example
19
Q
cellulitis
A
a bacterial infection affecting the skin and soft tissue
20
Q
malaise
A
a general sense of feeling unwell
21
Q
wound
A
a type of injury to the skin
22
Q
sanguineous drainage
A
bright red blood from a new cut
23
Q
serous drainage
A
yellow or transparent wound drainage
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Q
serosanguineous drainage
A
pink wound drainage that contains some red blood cells
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purulent drainage
yellow, green, brown, or white wound drainage that may have an odor and usually contains bacteria
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debridement
a process of treating wounds that involves removing infected or necrotic tissue
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psoriasis
a condition that causes the body to create too many skin cells that die and build up, causing itchy and painful white or red scaly patches
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cancer
general term to describe a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way
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Anterior or Ventral
front of the body or body part
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posterior or Dorsal
back of body or body part
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Superior or Cephalic
more toward the head, or above another structure
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Inferior or Caudal
more toward the feet or tail, or below another structure
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Lateral
Away from the midline of the body
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Proximal
closer to the torso, closer to the origin
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Distal
Away from the torso, away from the origin
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Eschar
dead tissue that is hard or soft in texture and black, brown or tan. May look similar to a scab.
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bone
rigid connective tissue that makes up the skeleton, protects organs, and allows the body to move.
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joint
the place at which two bones meet.
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muscle
group of tissue that provides movement of body parts, protection of organs, and creation of heat.
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atrophy
the wasting away, decreasing in size, and weakening of muscles from lack of use.
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contracture
the permanent and often painful shortening of a muscle or tendon, usually due to a lack of activity.
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arthritis
a general term that refers to inflammation of the joints, causing stiffness, pain, and decreased mobility.
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autoimmune illness
an illness in which the body's immune system attacks normal tissue in the body.
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osteoarthritis
a common type of arthritis that usually affects the hips, knees, fingers, thumbs, and spine; also called degenerative joint disease (DJD) or degenerative arthritis.
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rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
a type of arthritis in which joints become red, swollen, and very painful, resulting in restricted movement and possible deformities.
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osteoporosis
a condition in which bones become porous and brittle, causing them to break easily.
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closed fracture
a broken bone that does not break the skin.
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open fracture
a broken bone that penetrates the skin; also known as a compound fracture.
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prosthesis
a device that replaces a body part that is missing or deformed because of an accident, injury, illness, or birth defect.
50
muscular dystrophy (MD)
a progressive, inherited disease that causes a gradual wasting away of muscle, weakness, and deformity.
51
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
a progressive disease that causes muscle atrophy and eventually leads to death; also called Lou Gehrig's disease.
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amputation
the surgical removal of some or all of a body part.
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phantom sensation
warmth, itching, or tingling from a body part that has been amputated.
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phantom limb pain
pain in a limb (or extremity) that has been amputated.
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orthotic device
a device applied externally that helps support and align a limb and improve its functioning; also called orthosis.
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range of motion (ROM)
exercises to put a joint through its full arc of motion that are performed by a caregiver, without the affected person's help.
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active range of motion (AROM)
exercises to put a joint through its full arc of motion that are performed by the affected person alone, without help.
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active assisted range of motion (AAROM)
exercises to put a joint through its full arc of motion that are performed by the affected person with some help from another person.
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passive range of motion (PROM)
exercises to put a joint through its full arc of motion that are performed by a caregiver, without the affected person's help.
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abduction
moving a body part away from the midline of the body.
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adduction
moving a body part toward the midline of the body.
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extension
straightening a body part.
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flexion
bending a body part.
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dorsiflexion
bending backward.
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rotation
turning a joint.
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pronation
turning downward.
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supination
turning upward.
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opposition
touching the thumb to any other finger.
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sitz bath
a warm soak of the perineal area to clean perineal wounds and reduce inflammation and pain.
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central nervous system (CNS)
the part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord.
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peripheral nervous system (PNS)
part of the nervous system made up of the nerves that extend throughout the body.
72
Parkinson's disease
a progressive, incurable disease that causes a section of the brain to degenerate, affecting muscle function and causing stooped posture, shuffling gait, pill-rolling, and tremors.
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
a progressive disease in which the myelin sheath breaks down over time; without this protective covering, nerves cannot send messages to and from the brain in a normal way, which causes problems with balance and walking, along with many other symptoms.
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paraplegia
the loss of function of the lower body and legs.
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quadriplegia
the loss of function in the legs, trunk, and arms.
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Alzheimer's disease (AD)
a progressive, incurable disease that causes tangled nerve fibers and protein deposits to form in the brain, which eventually cause dementia.
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sundowning
becoming restless and agitated in the late afternoon, evening, or night.
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perseverating
repeating words, phrases, questions, or actions.
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cataract
a condition in which cloudy spots develop in the lens of the eye, causing vision loss.
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glaucoma
a disease in which increased pressure inside the eye causes damage that often leads to vision loss and blindness.
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diabetic retinopathy
a complication of diabetes caused by damage to the retina; causes spots, blurred vision, and difficulty seeing well at night and may lead to blindness.
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age-related macular degeneration (AMD)
a condition in which the macula (part of the retina) gradually deteriorates, causing vision loss and problems such as the inability to recognize faces, drive, read, and write.
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presbycusis
age-related hearing loss.
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systole
the phase where the heart is at work, contracting and pushing blood out of the left ventricle.
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diastole
phase when the heart relaxes or rests.
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cardiac conduction system
the pathway of electrical impulses that controls the heart's pumping action.
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atherosclerosis
a hardening and narrowing of the blood vessels.
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angina
chest pain, pressure, or discomfort.
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nitroglycerin
a medication that helps to relax the walls of the coronary arteries, allowing them to open and get more blood to the heart; comes in tablet, patch, or spray form.
90
congestive heart failure (CHF)
a condition in which the heart muscle is damaged and is no longer able to pump effectively; causes blood to back up in various parts of the body.
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dysrhythmia
abnormal heart rhythm; also called arrhythmia.
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peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
a disease in which the legs, feet, arms, or hands do not have enough blood circulation due to injury or to fatty deposits in the blood vessels that harden over time; causes cold legs, feet, arms, and hands, as well as pain, swelling, and ulcers of the legs and feet.
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deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
a condition in which a blood clot forms deep under the skin, usually in the legs.
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pulmonary embolism (PE)
a blood clot or other blockage found in the lungs.
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sickle cell disease (SCD)
an inherited blood condition in which unusual hemoglobin causes red blood cells to become deformed; these deformed cells can get stuck in blood vessels, causing pain and organ damage.
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anemia
a condition in which the blood has too few red blood cells to supply oxygen to body tissues.
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leukemia
a type of cancer in which the body's bone marrow produces defective white blood cells that are unable to fight disease.
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sputum
mucus coughed up from the lungs.
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chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a chronic, progressive, and incurable lung disease that causes difficulty breathing, weakness, and a high risk of lung infections.
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bronchitis
an irritation and inflammation of the lining of the bronchi.
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emphysema
a chronic disease of the lungs that usually results from cigarette smoking.
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pneumonia
a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection that causes acute inflammation in lung tissue, causing fever, chills, cough, greenish sputum, and rapid pulse.
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asthma
a chronic inflammatory disease that makes it difficult to breathe and causes coughing and wheezing.
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bronchiectasis
a condition in which the bronchial tubes are abnormally enlarged, causing chronic coughing, thick sputum, recurrent pneumonia, and weight loss.
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influenza
a respiratory illness caused by a virus; common in the fall and winter months.
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lung cancer
a highly contagious disease caused by a bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, that is carried on mucous droplets suspended in the air; causes fatigue, loss of appetite, slight fever, prolonged coughing, and shortness of breath.
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tuberculosis (TB)
a type of tuberculosis in which the person carries the disease but does not show symptoms and cannot infect others.
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latent TB infection (LTBI)
a type of tuberculosis in which the person carries the disease but does not show symptoms and cannot infect others.
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TB disease
type of tuberculosis in which the person shows symptoms of the disease and can spread it to others.
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multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB)
type of tuberculosis caused by an organism that is resistant to medication that is used to treat TB.
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resistant
a state in which drugs no longer work to kill specific bacteria.
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phlegm
thick mucus from the respiratory passage.
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COVID-19
a droplet and airborne disease transmitted through droplets and particles produced by an infected person; often characterized by respiratory symptoms and capable of progressing to severe symptoms, even death.
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Yankauer suction catheter
a rigid, hollow tube with a bend that is used to perform suctioning.
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artificial airway
any tube inserted into the respiratory tract to maintain or promote breathing.
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intubation
the passage of a plastic tube through the mouth, nose, or opening in the neck and into the trachea.
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tracheostomy
a surgically created opening through the neck into the trachea.
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mechanical ventilation
the use of a machine to inflate and deflate the lungs when a patient is unable to breathe on their own.
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sedative
an agent or drug that helps calm and soothe a person and may cause sleep.
120
chest tubes
a hollow drainage tube that is inserted into the chest to drain air, blood or other fluid, or pus that has collected inside the pleural cavity.
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oxygen therapy
the administration of oxygen to increase the supply of oxygen to a person's lungs.
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nasal cannula
an oxygen delivery device that consists of a piece of plastic tubing that fits around the face and 2 prongs that fit inside the nose.
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flammable
easily ignited and capable of burning quickly.
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specimen
a sample that is used for analysis in order to try to make a diagnosis.
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requisition
a paper or electronic order for testing.
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urinary incontinence
the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine.
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urinary tract infection (UTI)
a bacterial infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney.
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kidney stones
stones that form when urine crystallizes in the kidneys, which can block the kidneys and ureters, causing severe pain; also called renal calculi.
129
renovascular hypertension
a condition in which a blockage of arteries in the kidneys causes high blood pressure.
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chronic renal failure (CRF)
a condition that occurs when the kidneys cannot eliminate certain waste products from the body; also called chronic kidney failure.
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renal cell cancer
the rapid growth of abnormal cells in the kidney.
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bladder cancer
the rapid growth of abnormal cells in the bladder.
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fracture pan
a bedpan that is flatter than a regular bedpan.
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portable commode
a chair with a toilet seat and a removable container underneath; also called bedside commode.
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straight catheter
a type of urinary catheter that does not remain inside the person; it is removed immediately after urine is drained or collected.
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indwelling catheter
a type of urinary catheter that remains inside the bladder for a period of time; also called Foley catheter.
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condom catheter
a type of urinary catheter that has an attachment on the end that fits onto the penis; also called an external or Texas catheter.
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catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)
an infection that occurs in the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney when bacteria travels up a catheter.
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bladder scanning
placing a handheld ultrasound device (bladder scanner) on a patient's abdomen to measure the amount of urine in a patient's bladder.
140
routine urine specimen
a urine specimen that can be collected any time a patient voids.
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potty hat
in health care, a plastic collection container that can be inserted into a toilet bowl to collect and measure urine or stool.
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clean-catch specimen
a urine specimen that does not include the first and last urine voided; also called midstream specimen.
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24-hour urine specimen
urine specimen consisting of all urine voided in a 24-hour period.
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peristalsis
involuntary contractions that move food through the gastrointestinal system
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glucose
natural sugar
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digestion
the process of preparing food physically and chemically so that it can be absorbed into the cells
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absorption
the transfer of nutrients from the intestines to the cells
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elimination
the process of expelling wastes (made up of the waste products of food and fluids) that are not absorbed into the cells
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fecal incontinence
the inability to control the bowels, leading to an involuntary passage of stool
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constipation
the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool
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enema
specific amount of water, with or without an additive, that is introduced into the colon to stimulate the elimination of stool
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fecal impaction
hard stool that is stuck in the rectum and cannot be expelled
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hemorrhoids
an enlarged vein in the rectum or outside the anus that can cause rectal itching, burning, pain, and bleeding
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diarrhea
the frequent elimination of liquid or semiliquid feces
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gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
a chronic condition in which the liquid contents of the stomach back up into the esophagus
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heartburn
a condition that results from a weakening of the sphincter muscle that joins the esophagus and the stomach and causes a burning sensation in the esophagus
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ulceration
the process of eroding away
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peptic ulcer
a condition that results from a weakening of the sphincter muscle that joins the esophagus and the stomach and causes a burning sensation in the esophagus
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
a condition that causes diarrhea, constipation, or both on a regular basis
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inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
the inability to eliminate stool, or the infrequent, difficult, and often painful elimination of hard, dry stool
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ulcerative colitis
a condition in which the bowel is chronically inflamed
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Crohn's disease
an inflammatory disease that can affect any part of the digestive tract, but most commonly affects the small intestine
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stoma
an artificial opening in the body
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diverticulosis
a condition in which small pouches called diverticula form in the colon
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diverticulitis
a condition that occurs when diverticula in the colon become inflamed, causing fever, abdominal pain, tenderness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
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colorectal cancer
cancer of the gastrointestinal tract; also known as colon cancer
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ostomy
surgical creation of an opening from an area inside the body to the outside
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ureterostomy
a surgically created opening from a ureter to the abdomen that allows urine to be eliminated
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colostomy
surgically created opening into the large intestine to allow stool to be expelled
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ileostomy
a surgically created opening into the end of the small intestine to allow stool to be expelled
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glands
an organ that produces and secretes chemicals called hormones.
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hormones
a chemical substance created by the body that controls a body function.
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gonads
sex glands.
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diabetes
a condition in which the pancreas produces no insulin, too little insulin, or does not properly use insulin.
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insulin
a hormone that works to move glucose from the blood and into the cells for energy for the body.
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type 1 diabetes
a type of diabetes in which the pancreas produces no insulin or too little insulin; is usually diagnosed in children and young adults and will continue throughout a person's life.
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type 2 diabetes
a common form of diabetes in which either the body does not produce enough insulin or the body fails to properly use insulin; typically develops after age 35 and is the milder form of diabetes.
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prediabetes
a condition that occurs when a person's blood glucose levels are above normal but not high enough for a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.
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gestational diabetes
a type of diabetes that appears in pregnant women who have never had diabetes before but who have high glucose levels during pregnancy.
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polydipsia
excessive thirst.
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polyphagia
extreme hunger.
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polyuria
frequent urination.
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hyperthyroidism
a condition in which the thyroid produces too much thyroid hormone, causing body processes to speed up, resulting in rapid heartbeat, sweating, weight loss, and nervousness.
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Graves' disease
an autoimmune disorder that often causes hyperthyroidism.
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hypothyroidism
a condition in which the body lacks thyroid hormone, causing the body processes to slow down and resulting in fatigue, weight gain, constipation, and intolerance to cold.
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis
an autoimmune disorder that often causes hypothyroidism.
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congenital hypothyroidism
form of hypothyroidism that affects infants and children that can stunt growth and development and cause intellectual deficits.
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reproduce
to create new human life
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sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
infections caused by sexual contact with infected people; signs and symptoms are not always apparent
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chlamydia
a sexually transmitted infection that is caused by organisms introduced into the mucous membranes of the reproductive tract
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syphilis
a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria; causes open sores on the penis or inside the vagina, as well as headache, fever, weight loss, and muscle aches
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chancres
open sores
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gonorrhea
a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria; if left untreated, it can cause blindness, joint infection, sterility, and pelvic inflammatory disease
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genital herpes
an incurable type of sexually transmitted infection that is caused by herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) or type 2 (HSV-2); causes painful sores on the genitals
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genital HPV infection
a sexually transmitted infection caused by human papillomavirus (HPV)
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hydrocele
a condition in which fluid accumulates in the membrane around the testes
197
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
a disorder that can occur in men as they age, in which the prostate becomes enlarged and causes problems with urination and/or emptying the bladder
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prostate cancer
the rapid growth of abnormal cells in the prostate
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testicular cancer
the rapid growth of abnormal cells in one or both testicles
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vaginitis
an inflammation of the vagina that may be caused by bacteria, protozoa, or a fungus
201
uterine fibroids
growth that occurs in or on the uterus and is almost always benign (non-cancerous)
202
endometriosis
a condition that causes endometrial tissue to grow on the outer surface of the uterus
203
breast cancer
the rapid growth of abnormal cells in one or both breasts
204
mammograms
X-ray of the breast; regularly performed to screen for breast cancer
205
cervical cancer
the rapid growth of abnormal cells in the cervix
206
prenatal care
medical care provided during pregnancy
207
certified nurse-midwife (CNM)
healthcare professional with graduate-level training in providing gynecological, prenatal, and postpartum care
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abortion
termination of a pregnancy
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placenta
an organ that forms inside the uterus that supplies a fetus with oxygen and nutrients and removes wastes
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placenta previa
a complication of pregnancy in which the placenta implants too low in the uterus, partially or completely covering the cervical outlet
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placental abruption
the sudden complete or partial separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
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preeclampsia
the sudden development of hypertension in pregnancy
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miscarriage
the death of an embryo or fetus before it is mature enough to survive outside the womb
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stillbirth
death of a fetus from 20 weeks of pregnancy and beyond; may occur before or during delivery
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preterm birth
delivery of a baby before the 37th week of pregnancy
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labor
the body's preparation for childbirth
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nonspecific immunity
a type of immunity that protects the body from disease in general.
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specific immunity
a type of immunity that protects the body against a particular disease that is invading the body at a given time.
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lymph
an illness caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); symptoms include extreme fatigue, sore throat, and fever.
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mononucleosis
an illness caused by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV); symptoms include extreme fatigue, sore throat, and fever.
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lymphedema
an abnormal buildup of lymph fluid in the body's tissues.
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lupus
a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body attacks its own healthy tissues.
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acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
the final stage of HIV infection, in which infections, tumors, and central nervous system symptoms appear due to a weakened immune system that is unable to fight infection.
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neuropathy
numbness, tingling, and pain in the feet and legs.
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homophobia
prejudiced speech or actions toward LGBTQ people.
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lymphoma
cancer of the lymphatic system; Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are two types.
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multiple myeloma
cancer of the plasma cells (type of white blood cells).
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cancer
general term to describe a disease in which abnormal cells grow in an uncontrolled way.
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tumor
a cluster of abnormally growing cells.
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benign tumor
a tumor that is considered noncancerous.
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malignant tumor
tumor that is cancerous.
