Chapter 12

Question 1

Define service

Answer 1

Any activity that fulfills a human want/need in exchange for $

Question 2

What sector of the economy do services fall under?

Answer 2

Tertiary sector

Question 3

Define settlement

Answer 3

A permanent collection of buildings + people living there

Question 4

What distribution must services follow?

Answer 4

Proximity to the market

Question 5

What are three subdivisions of the service sector of the economy?

Answer 5

1. Consumer services
2. Business services
3. Public services

Question 6

Define consumer services

Answer 6

Providing services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford to pay for them

Question 7

What are the 4 main types of consumer services, and provide an ex. for each

Answer 7

1. Retail+whole sale: grocers, dep. stores, car salesmen
2. Education services: teachers
3. Health+social services: Doctors offices, nursing homes
4. Leisure+hospitality: restaurants, bars, lodging

Question 8

Define business services

Answer 8

Services that facilitate the activities of other businesses

Question 9

What are three types of business services, and provide an ex. of each

Answer 9

1. Professional services: law, engineering, accounting
2. Financial sevices: AKA F.I.R.E-Finance, insurance, real estate, banks
3. Trans.+info. services: Trucking to publishing

Question 10

Define public services

Answer 10

Providing security and protection for citizens and businesses

Question 11

State changes in # of employees b/w 1975-2010 in business services

Answer 11

• Jobs expanded most rapidly in prof. services

- Jobs grew more slowly in finance+trans. services b/c less amt. of workers are required, improved efficiency

Question 12

State changes in # of employees b/w 1975-2010 in consumer services

Answer 12

• rapid increase=provision of health care. ex: hospital staff, clinics, nursing homes
• other large increase in: education, entertainment, recreation
• no increase in retail

Question 13

Explain how the service sector contributed to the 2008 recession

Answer 13

-rapid rise in real estate prices=speculators get properties+resell at higher price -poor judgment in lending $ by fin. instit. -poor credit=high risky loans

Question 14

Define central place theory

Answer 14

Selecting the right location for a new shop to maximize profit

Question 15

What does central place theory seek to explain?

Answer 15

How the most profitable location can be found

Question 16

Define central place

Answer 16

A market center for the exchange of goods+services by people attracted from the surrounding area

Question 17

What is a market place?

Answer 17

The are surrounding a service from which customers are attracted

Question 18

What other term is sometimes used to refer to a market area?

Answer 18

Hinterland

Question 19

What shape does central place their hypothesize for market area? Why?

Answer 19

Hexagon, it represents a compromise b/w circles+squares has no gaps

Question 20

Define range

Answer 20

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

Question 21

List services with long ranges and services with shorter ranges

Answer 21

• Long ranges: concerts, professional ball games, unique things
• Shorter ranges: groceries, pharmacies, convenience stores

Question 22

Define threshold

Answer 22

The minimum # of people needed to support the service

Question 23

Not all people within a market are can be ounted when determining location of a service by considering its threshold. Explain how this is so, and give ex.’s

Answer 23

Some services only apply to certain groups of people. Ex: Movies attract younger people, amusement parks attract families, night clubs attract crazy people. ;)

Question 24

Small settlements have service with _____ thresholds, _____ ranges and _____ market areas.

Answer 24

-Small thresholds -short ranges -small market area

Question 25

Larger settlements have _____ thresholds, ranges and market areas

Answer 25

larger

Question 26

What must smaller neighborhoods in larger neighborhoods do also?

Answer 26

Provide services that have small thresholds and ranges

Question 27

Who created the original study in central place theory? Where?

Answer 27

Walter Christaller, southern Germany

Question 28

Who documented the central place theory phenomenon in the U.S. Where?

Answer 28

Brian Berry in the Mid west

Question 29

In MDC's, the pattern of cities follows the rank-size-rule. What is it?

Answer 29

The country's nth largest settlement is 1/n the pop. of the largest settlement. -where settlements are ranked from largest to smallest

Question 30

If the largest city in a country is more than twice the size of the second city, it is said to be what?

Answer 30

A primate city

Question 31

According too geographers, where is the best location for a service?

Answer 31

Proximity to customers

Question 32

The gravity model helps explain this as the optimal location is _____ related to the # of people in the area and ______ related to the distance they must travel.

Answer 32

directly, inversely

Question 33

What two patterns are reflected by consumer behavior?

Answer 33

1. The greater # of people living in a particular place, the greater is the # of potential customers 2. The farther people are from a particular service, the less likely they are to use it

Question 34

Define periodic market

Answer 34

Provides goods to residents of LDC's. Ex: flea market

Question 35

What groups of people and areas are provided goods by periodic markets?

Answer 35

Residents of LDC's, rural areas in MDC's, where pop. is sparse and people have low income

Question 36

Explain why business services are disproportionately concentrated in global cities

Answer 36

Global cities are most closely integrated into the global economic system b/c they are at the center flow of info+capital

Question 37

Bullet major characteristics of global cities

Answer 37

1. Headquarters of large corps. 2. Prof. clusters in global cities 3. Centers for finance

Question 38

What functions do offshore centers provide, and explain each?

Answer 38

1. Taxes-taxes on income, profits+capital gains are typically low or non existent 2. Privacy-banks secrecy laws can help individuals+businesses evade disclosure

Question 39

Where is a prominent example of on offshore center?

Answer 39

The Cayman Islands

Question 40

What are typical back-office functions?

Answer 40

Insurance claims processing, payroll management, transcription work

Question 41

Why have LDC's been able to attract back offices?

Answer 41

1. Low wages- considered low in MDC's but high in LDC's | 2. Ability to speak English- The ability to speak English in a foreign country is valuable

Question 42

Define basic industry

Answer 42

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement

Question 43

Define non basic industry

Answer 43

Enterprises whose customers live in the same community-essentially consumer services

Question 44

What is the economic base of a community?

Answer 44

A community's unique collection of basic industries

Question 45

Explain how a basic industry creates new types o jobs.

Answer 45

Exporting brings in $ into the local economy, stimulating attraction of that area

Question 46

Cleceland's economic base during the industrial rev...

Answer 46

steel

Question 47

Cleveland's economic base in post-industrial society is...

Answer 47

health services ex: hospitals, clinics

Question 48

Baltimore's economic base during the industrial rev...

Answer 48

fabricated steel products

Question 49

Baltimore's economic base in post-industrial society is...

Answer 49

Biotech.