Chapter 12

Question 1

Agonist?

Answer 1

muscle that has primary responsibility to produce movement

Question 2

Antagonist?

Answer 2

muscle that opposes the agonist

Question 3

Synergist?

Answer 3

muscle that assists the agonist to produce the desired movement or stabilize a joint to minimize additional movement

Question 4

Muscle tone?

Answer 4

continual state of partial muscle contraction at rest
-muscle fibers take turns contracting, keeping a constant tension, preventing fatigue, stabilize joints, and keeping constant body temp

Question 5

Endurance runners have more ____ fibers.

Answer 5

ST

Question 6

Sprinters have more _____ fibers.

Answer 6

FT

Question 7

Static contraction?

Answer 7

contraction of intact whole muscle that does not result in movement

Question 8

Dynamic contraction?

Answer 8

produces joint rotation, movement

Question 9

Dynamic concentric?

Answer 9

intact whole muscle shortens during contraction, responsible for acceleration, positive work

Question 10

Dynamic eccentric?

Answer 10

intact whole muscle lengthens, responsible for deceleration, negative work

Question 11

Compared to concentric, eccentric contractions produce ____ force.

Answer 11

more

Question 12

What type of contraction results in muscle damage?

Answer 12

eccentric

Question 13

Z disc streaming?

Answer 13

sarcomeres appear smeared

Question 14

Symptoms of DOMS?

Answer 14

loss of strength, pain, muscle tenderness, swelling

Question 15

Creatine Kinase? During DOMS?

Answer 15

• enzyme involved in ATP-PC metabolic pathway
• increased levels in blood during DOMS
• also called CPK
• elevated CPK levels indicate muscle damage

Question 16

How to treat DOMS?

Answer 16

• ice cold bath
• alternating hot and cold baths
• anti inflamm medication
• muscle massage
• light exercise to increase blood flow

Question 17

Repeated bout effect?

Answer 17

if exercise results in damage, repeating the same exercise a few days later results in less soreness, an adaptation occurred

Question 18

Neural theory?

Answer 18

during repeated bout, there is either an increase in ST motor unit recruitment or activation of larger motor pool that distributes the workload

Question 19

Mechanical adaptation theory?

Answer 19

mechanical adaptations occur to the non-contractile elements of the muscle, structural proteins and connective tissue

Question 20

Cellular theory?

Answer 20

adaptations occur in contractile machinery of muscle, namely longitudinal addition of sarcomeres and changes excitation contraction coupling and inflammatory response to eccentric exercise

Question 21

T/F

DOMS is the pain immediately after exercise.

Answer 21

False

this is metabolic

Question 22

Strength?

Answer 22

maximal amount of force a specific muscle or group can exert

Question 23

How can strength be assessed during dynamic contractions?

Answer 23

1 rep max

Question 24

How can strength be assessed during static contractions?

Answer 24

strain gauges while pushing against immovable objects

Question 25

Muscular endurance?

Answer 25

ability of skeletal muscle to make repeated contractions over a period of time - usually refers to moderate to high intensity anaerobic exercises - resistance to fatigue, ability to sustain work

Question 26

How can muscular endurance be assessed?

Answer 26

measuring how long a given intensity of exercise can be maintained or by measuring the decline of performance over a period of time

Question 27

T/F | Muscular strength and endurance can be expressed in absolute and relative terms.

Answer 27

True one person lifts more and is stronger absolutely, other person lifts more in relation to body weight and is stronger relatively

Question 28

Power?

Answer 28

rate of doing work, work done per time, describes intensity

Question 29

What are some causes of muscle fatigue?

Answer 29

- intensity and duration - metabolic pathway utilized - fiber composition of muscle - hydration - nutrition - fitness level

Question 30

Exercise induced fatigue is due to _______.

Answer 30

muscles inability to resynthesize the required amount of ATP at the rate and intensity of contraction

Question 31

Neural factors of the force generated by contracting intact whole muscle?

Answer 31

- number, type and size of motor units recruited | - frequency of stimulation

Question 32

Mechanical factors of the force generated by contracting intact whole muscle?

Answer 32

- muscle arrangement - length tension relationship - force velocity relationship

Question 33

As intensity of exercise increases, ____ motor units are recruited in addition to the ___ units already active.

Answer 33

FT | ST

Question 34

Number Coding?

Answer 34

intact whole muscle can be graded by increasing or decreasing the number of motor units recruited

Question 35

Rate Coding?

Answer 35

force of contraction of a motor unit can be increased above that of a single twitch by increasing the frequency of stimulation

Question 36

How can the force produced by skeletal muscle contractions be graded?

Answer 36

- increasing number of motor units - size - type

Question 37

Angle of Pinnation?

Answer 37

angle that fibers are arranged in relationship to longitudinal axis of the muscle, the direction that the muscle transmits force of contraction of the skeleton

Question 38

When the number of sarcomeres arranged in parallel increases, the amount of force generated by the muscle _____.

Answer 38

increases

Question 39

Muscles arranged with angles of pinnation generally produce _____ force than muscles arranged in parallel.

Answer 39

more

Question 40

The greatest force of contraction occurs at a joint of angle of _______.

Answer 40

90-120 degrees

Question 41

As the external load increases, the velocity of shortening will _______.

Answer 41

decrease

Question 42

When the external load equals the force produced by the muscle, ________.

Answer 42

there will be no shortening, static, velocity is zero

Question 43

More force can be produced at ______ velocities of movement.

Answer 43

slower