Chapter 12

Question 1

Factorials

Answer 1

n!

Question 2

Permutation

Answer 2

arrangement with no repetition and order is important

Question 3

Combination

Answer 3

no repeat, order is not important

Question 4

Probability

Answer 4

P=n(E)/n(S), or the number of favorable outcomes over the number of possible outcomes

Question 5

Theoretical Probability

Answer 5

based on the assumption that all events are equally likely

Question 6

Empirical Probability

Answer 6

based on results from an actual experiment

Question 7

Calculating Empirical Probability

Answer 7

P(E)= number of occurrences of E/number of times the experiment was run

Question 8

Odds

Answer 8

ratio of favorable outcomes to unfavorable outcomes

Question 9

Odds in favor

Answer 9

a to b or a/b

Question 10

Odds against

Answer 10

b to a or b/a

Question 11

a + b = total outcomes

Answer 11

P(E) = a/a + b

Question 12

AND

Answer 12

Multiply

Question 13

OR

Answer 13

Add (and subtract)

Question 14

Mutually exclusive

Answer 14

Two events a and b are mutually exclusive if they cannot occur at the same time

Question 15

Probability of mutually exclusive events

Answer 15

P (a U b) = P (A) + P (B)

Question 16

Addition Rule of Probability

Answer 16

P (a U b)= P(A) + P(B) - P(A ∩ B)

Question 17

Complement

Answer 17

The complement of event E denoted E^C is the opposite of event E

Question 18

E U E^C= S

Answer 18

E ∩ E^C = 0

Question 19

Probability of the Complement

Answer 19

P(E^C) = 1 - P(E)

Question 20

Expectation or Expected Value

Answer 20

E = S1 X P(S1) + S2 X P(S2) + S3 X P(S3)… SN X P(SN)

Question 21

Sample Space

Answer 21

the set of all possible outcomes in an event

{1, 2, 3…}

Question 22

Event

Answer 22

an event is one or more of the possible outcomes in an experiment

Question 23

Fundamental Counting Principle

Answer 23

the method of determining the outcome of a multi-stage experiment

n1 X n2 X n3….

Question 24

Conditional Probability

Answer 24

P (B|A) = P (A and B) / P (A)

The probability of B given that A has occured

Question 25

Product Rule for Probabilities

Answer 25

P(A and B) = P(A) X P(B|A)

Question 26

Probability of Successive Events

Answer 26

The probability of two or more events occurring in succession is the product of the conditional probabilities of each event (multiplied)

Question 27

Independent Events

Answer 27

P(B|A) = P(B)

Question 28

Product Rule for Independent Events

Answer 28

P(A and B)= P(A) X P(B)