Chapter 12

Question 1

What is acinus

Answer 1

Distal to terminal bronchiole, alveolar duct/alveoli

Question 2

What do type 2 pneumocytes do

Answer 2

Surfactant and repair

Question 3

What is Atelectasis

Answer 3

Collapsed lung

Question 4

What happens to the lung and tissues during atelectasis

Answer 4

Pulmonary arteries to pulmonary veins lead to tissue hypoxia

Question 5

What is resorption atelectasis and what is a common cause

Answer 5

Obstruction creating an inability for air to reach distal airways and the alveoli collapse caused mostly by mucopurulent plug

Question 6

What happens in compression atelectasis

Answer 6

The pleural cavity fills with edema, blood or air

Question 7

What is pleural effusion and what is it associated with

Answer 7

“Fluid around the lungs (hydrothorax) during compression atelectasis MC from CHF

Question 8

What are the two causes of compression atelectasis

Answer 8

Pleural effusion and pneumothorax

Question 9

What can cause pneumothorax

Answer 9

Ches wall injury such as stab/penetration wound

Question 10

What happens in contraction atelectasis

Answer 10

Scarring of the lungs

Question 11

What two forms of contraction atelectasis are there (i.e. what two scarring types)

Answer 11

Interstitial or pleural fibrosis

Question 12

What happens due to contraction atelectasis

Answer 12

Decreased expansion/distention limiting alveolar opening and eventual collapse

Question 13

What causes acute respiratory distress syndrome and what happens

Answer 13

Severe trauma preventing gas exchange = hypoxemia = hypoxia

Question 14

Is ARDS life threatening

Answer 14

Yes

Question 15

Why is ARDS life threatening

Answer 15

Alveolar edema and tachypnea

Question 16

What type of look is associated with ARDS on a slide of lung tissue

Answer 16

Pink homogenous and glassy

Question 17

What is indicative of obstructive lung disease

Answer 17

Decreased expiratory flow rate (wheezing)

Question 18

What is indicative of restrictive lung disease

Answer 18

Decreased forced vital capacity, normal expiration rate

Question 19

What happens in emphysema

Answer 19

Destroyed alveolar septa

Question 20

What are 3 things that cause emphysema

Answer 20

1) enlarged acini
2) inflammation ( increase proteases and decrease anti-proteases)
3) morphologic Dx (destruction)

Question 21

Inflammation causes emphysema why?

Answer 21

Neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes damage alveoli due to ROS

Question 22

What are the 2 types of emphysema and which is MC

Answer 22

Centriacinar(MC) and panacinar

Question 23

What happens in centriacinar emphysema and what does it directly affect

Answer 23

Destroys central acinus (spares distal) affecting lung apices mostly

Question 24

What is the MC risk of centriacinar emphysema

Answer 24

Smoking

Question 25

What is panacinar emphysema and where does it affect

Answer 25

Uniformly destroys the acini in the lower lung fields

Question 26

What causes panacinar emphysema

Answer 26

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency which is normally and anti-protease therefore protease activity is increased

Question 27

What will accelerate panacinar emphysema

Answer 27

Smoking

Question 28

What is chronic bronchitis and what causes it

Answer 28

Bronchial inflammation and caused by mucus hypersecretion (mucus gland= hypertrophy/hyperplasia)

Question 29

Who is mostly affected by chronic bronchitis

Answer 29

Males 40-65 (about 25% of this pop.)

Question 30

How is chronic bronchitis classified

Answer 30

Persistent cough lasting 3 or more consecutive months in greater than or equal to 2 years

Question 31

What other condition can be caused by chronic bronchitis

Answer 31

Cor pulmonale

Question 32

When chronic bronchitis coincides with emphysema what is it called

Answer 32

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Question 33

How many people have COPD

Answer 33

10% of US adults

Question 34

What is COPD (irreversible or reversible)

Answer 34

Irreversible airflow obstruction

Question 35

What is asthma

Answer 35

Bronchoconstriction = obstruction

Question 36

What causes asthma

Answer 36

Smooth muscle hypertrophy/hyperactivity, inflammation, increased mucous

Question 37

Is asthma reversible or irreversible

Answer 37

Reversible airway obstruction

Question 38

What two things are associated with asthma that can be seen

Answer 38

Curshmann spirals and charcot-leyden crystals

Question 39

What is atopic asthma

Answer 39

Genetic type 1 hypersensitivity

Question 40

What is another name for atopic asthma

Answer 40

Extrinsic asthma

Question 41

What is atopy

Answer 41

Eczema/urticaria (hives)

Question 42

What 3 things are associated with atopic asthma

Answer 42

Childhood onset, family Hx., environmental antigens

Question 43

What is another name for non atopic asthma

Answer 43

Intrinsic asthma

Question 44

What are not associated with non atopic asthma

Answer 44

No allergen/family history, caused by various stimuli (nonimmune)

Question 45

What is the most common form of asthma

Answer 45

Atopic

Question 46

What is chronic asthma

Answer 46

Hypertrophy of bronchial smooth muscles causing prolonged wheezing/dyspnea

Question 47

What happens to mucous in chronic asthma

Answer 47

Increase in submucosal glands = mucous plugs

Question 48

What happens to acini in chronic asthma

Answer 48

Acini become hyperinflated (dysfunx expiration)

Question 49

What is status asthmaticus

Answer 49

Acute severe asthma in chronic asthma that has no response to bronchodilators/steroids producing possible lethal hypoxemia

Question 50

What is bronchiectasis

Answer 50

Permanent dilation of bronchi

Question 51

What causes bronchiectasis

Answer 51

Obstruction resulting in necrotizing infection

Question 52

Where is bronchiectasis located

Answer 52

Located in lower lobes can be localized or bilateral (foreign body vs cystic fibrosis)

Question 53

What happens in severe coughing episodes if someone has bronchiectasis

Answer 53

Purulent foul smelling sputum

Question 54

What is kartagener syndrome

Answer 54

Aka primary ciliary dyskinesis, it is a result of defective cilia

Question 55

What causes the defective cilia in kartagener syndrome

Answer 55

Mutated dynein resulting in poor mucociliary clearance

Question 56

What is situs inversus and what is it associated with

Answer 56

Inverted organs associated with kartagener syndrome

Question 57

Poor mucociliary clearance in the fallopian tubes and flagella of sperm causes what

Answer 57

Sterility