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Virology > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

What virus causes feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1)

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2
Q

FHV-1 is a _____ sensitive virus.

A

temperature

Note: he mentions this like 5 times, do not forget it

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3
Q

What is the character of feline viral rhinotracheitis?

A

Localized upper respiratory infection - fever, hypersalivation, sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, and conjunctivitis

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4
Q

Why do younger cats typically have more severe disease caused by FHV-1?

A

Since FHV-1 is temperature sensitive, younger kittens that do not have the ability to thermoregulate are more susceptible to hypothermia thus creating an ideal environment for the virus to replicate

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5
Q

What differentials should you consider when considering FHV-1?

A

Feline calicivirus and Chlamydopila psittaci

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6
Q

What is the goal of the FHV-1 virus?

A

to prevent clinical disease; does not prevent infection or shedding

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7
Q

What disease does Gallid Herpesvirus type 1 cause?

A

Avian infectious laryngotracheitis

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8
Q

How does Gallid herpesvirus type 1 infection lead to death?

A

GHV-1 causes a localized upper respiratory infection which can eventually lead to hemorrhaging and suffocation on blood in the trachea

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9
Q

What differentials should be considered when considering GHV-1?

A
  1. Avian infectious bronchitis
  2. Avian Influenza
  3. Newcastle’s disease
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10
Q

What family do the influenza viruses belong to?

A

Orthomyxoviridae

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11
Q

What are the 2 important glycoproteins of the influenza viruses and where are they found?

A

Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase

In the envelope

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12
Q

What is the function of hemagglutinin?

A

It is a fusion protein that binds to sialic acid residues

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13
Q

What is the function of neuraminidase?

A

It cleaves sialic acid

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14
Q

What do antiviral influenza drugs target?

A

neuraminidase

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15
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A

Minor antigenic change due to point mutations in viral RNA

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16
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A

Major antigenic change due to reassortment of viral genes - very sudden

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17
Q

What are the components that go into naming every influenza virus?

A 
To be named in this order:
Type (A,B, or C)
Animals species isolated from
Place isolated
Number of the isolate
Year of isolation 
The H and N subtypes
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18
Q

What is the major reservoir of influenza viruses?

A

waterfowl

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19
Q

What veterinary species are impacted by influenza A?

A

equine, swine, avian, dogs

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20
Q

Why are swine considered the mixing vessels for influenza?

A

Swine cross infect with bird and human influenza viruses where different strains can mix. Swine therefore serve as the ‘mixing vessels’ for avian and swine flu strains, that can then be passed to human and equine populations

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21
Q

What type of influenza is Equine influenza virus? What subtypes are equine subtypes?

A

Influenza virus type A - H7N7 and H3N8

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22
Q

Which equine influenza subtype is the current circulating strain?

A

H3N8

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23
Q

Where does equine influenza localize?

A

in the respiratory tract

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24
Q

What clinical signs are associated with equine influenza?

A

High fever, nasal discharge, depression, anorexia, weight loss, coughing, lymphadenopathy, and tachypnea

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25
What did canine influenza first emerge as?
a respiratory pathogen in dogs following cross0species transmission and spread of H3N8 equine influenza virus
26
True or False: Part of the H3N8 equine influenza viruse genome is adapted to the canine species to emerge as a new canine-specific virus.
False: the ENTIRE H3N8 equine influenza
27
How did the H3N2 canine influenza virus come about?
There was a second cross species event from avian to canine. The entire genome of avian H3N2 transferred to dogs
28
What does clinical disease caused by canine influenza mimic?
kennel cough
29
What is the sequela that is typical of infection with influenza virus in dogs and horses?
secondary bacterial infections
30
What genera of influenza causes classic swine influenza and what subtypes currently affect swine?
Influenza A - subtypes H1N1, H3N2, H1N2
31
What type of disease is swine influenza?
respiratory (all influenza viruses are)
32
What differentials should be considered when considering swine influenza?
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia
33
Characterize low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI).
- Strains most common in domestic birds - Localized infection of respiratory and/or enteric tract - Respiratory disease most common - Diarrhea can occur - Drop in egg production
34
How does high pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) arrise?
It arises from mutation of LPAI virus in infected poultry at the HA0 proteolytic cleavage site - only H5 and H7 subtypes
35
Characterize HPAI.
- Severe systemic infections with high mortality - Historically been called fowl plague - Short clinical course with very high mortality
36
What differentials should you consider with LPAI?
Avian infectious laryngotracheitis and others
37
What differentials should you consider with HPAI?
Pasteurellosis and Newcastle's disease
38
What is the role for sialic acid linkage in influenza host range?
Sialic acids are linked to sugars. These linkages differ between species and tissues. HA subtypes recognize different linkages. Therefore HA subtypes differ between species depending on their sugar linkages
39
How has human H5N1 changed over the years?
The current viruses are more virulent and appear to have expanded host range
40
What is the structure of Paramyxoviridae viruses?
Large enveloped, ss (-) RNA with helical nucleocapsid symmetry
41
Where do Paramyxoviridae viruses replicate?
in the cytoplasm
42
What causes parainfluenza viruses in dogs, cattle, sheep, horses, and other species?
Respirovirus
43
What typical signs are associated with Respovirus infections?
mild, localized upper respiratory infections
44
Where does canine parainfluenza virus replicate?
in cells of the nasal mucosa, pharynx, trachea, and bronchi
45
How does Bovine Parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3) contribute the bovine respiratory disease complex?
It serves as a initiator because it can lead to a development of secondary bacterial pneumonia
46
What can contribute to the suppression of host defenses which contributes to shipping fever?
Transportation over long distances, passage through auction markets, nutritional stress associated with a change to high-energy rations in the feedlot
47
What causes newcastle disease virus?
Avian parainfluenza I
48
What are the three general forms of Newcastle Disease and what is their relative pathogenicity?
Lentogenic - mildly pathogenic Mesogenic - moderately pathogenic Velogenic - markedly pathogenic
49
How do patients become infected with avian parainfluenza virus 1?
it enters either by mouth or by aerosol transmission
50
What clinical signs are associated with Newcastle disease in adult chickens?
- Sudden onset with mild depression, anorexia - Drop in egg production - Mild respiratory signs, rare CNS disease - Mortality is low or absent
51
What clinical signs are associated with Newcastle disease in young chickens?
- Sudden onset with marked respiratory signs - CNS disease may accompany or closely follow the onset of respiratory signs - Mortality of 50-95%
52
What are the two forms of velogenic avian parainfluenzavirus-1?
Viscerotropic form and neurotropic form
53
What are the clinical signs associated with the viscerotropic form of velogenic avian parainfluenza virus 1?
- Marked dyspnea - Conjunctivitis, Subcutaneous swelling around eye - Greenish watery diarrhea - Severe depression progressing to prostration and death - Nervous signs may be seen
54
What are the clinical signs associated with the neurotropic form of velogenic avian parainfluenza virus 1?
- Conjunctivits, dyspnea - Nervous tremors of head - Torticollis, wing, or leg paralysis - Death in two to three days
55
What differentials should you consider along with avian parainfluenza virus 1?
1. Avian influenza 2. Infectious laryngotracheitis 3. Fowl cholera
56
Is newcastle disease reportable?
yes
57
List 3 veterinary diseases and 1 human disease caused by Morbillivirus.
``` Veterinary: - Rhinderpest -Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPR) - Canine distemper virus Human: Measles ```
58
What are the three forms of diseases of canine distemper?
Acute, CNS, chronic
59
What clinical signs are associated with acute canine distemper?
- Fever - often biphasic - Rhinitis, serous nasal discharge, conjunctivitis - Bronchitis, catarrhal pneumonia - Gastroenteritis with vomiting and diarrhea
60
How is the CNS form of canine distemper characterized?
- Neurological disease with encephalitis, siezures in some dogs - Usually in animals with overwhelming infections - Virus invades the brain, establish inflammatory brain disease, and perhaps persist for many months
61
How is chronic distemper characterized?
- Seen in post-distemper dogs - Infection of foot-pad epithelium and dental epithelium - Can lead to old-dog encephalitis
62
How does canine distemper enter the bdoy?
across the nasopharyngeal mucous membranes
63
What differentials should be considered when considering canine distemper?
1. Parainfluenza virus 2. Canine adenovirus 3. Infectious canine hepatitis 4. Parvovirus, rabies
64
When are maternal antibodies usually absent?
by 12-14 weeks of age
65
What role does bovine respiratory syncytial virus in bovine respiratory disease complex?
Like IBR and PI-3 in shipping fever, it makes the animal susceptible to secondary infections because it causes respiratory tissue damage
66
What are the general properties of Caliciviruses?
- Non-enveloped, non-segmented RNA virus, (+) ss - Very similar to Picornavirus - Cause respiratory and/or enteric diseases in host - Three genera based on capsid protein
67
What are the significant veterinary caliciviruses?
1. Feline calicivirus 2. Vesicular exanthema of swine 3. San Miguel sea lion virus 4. Calf enteritis calicivirus 5. Rabbit Calicivirus
68
What clinical signs are common for a vesivirus feline calicivirus infection?
1. Fever 2. Sneezing and coughing 3. Nasal and Ocular discharge 4. Hypersalivation 5. Ulceration of tongue, hard palate, tip of nose

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