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Grade 12 Biology > Chapter 1.2 - Biologically Important Molecules > Flashcards

Chapter 1.2 - Biologically Important Molecules Flashcards

0
Q

What is a polymer?

A

It is a large molecule composed of repeating units of smaller molecules.

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1
Q

What is a macromolecule?

A

It is a large, complex molecule, usually composed of repeating units of smaller molecules covalently linked together.

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2
Q

What is a monomer?

A

It is the smallest repeating unit of a polymer.

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3
Q

What is a carbohydrate?

A

A biological macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

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4
Q

What is a monosaccharide?

A

It is a carbohydrate composed of between three to seven carbon atoms.

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5
Q

What is an isomer?

A

It is one of two or more molecules with the same number and type of atoms, but different structural arrangements.

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6
Q

What is a disaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate composed of two monosaccharides joined by a covalent bond.

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7
Q

What is the glucose formula?

A

C6H12O6

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8
Q

What is the covalent bond formed between monosaccharides called?

A

A glycosidic linkage.

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9
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

A carbohydrate polymer composed of many monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds between particular atoms.

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10
Q

What are lipids?

A

It is a biological macromolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms with a high proportion of non-polar carbon-hydrogen bonds.

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11
Q

What is a triglyceride?

A

It is a lipid molecule composed of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acids linked by ester bonds.

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12
Q

What is a fatty acid?

A

A hydrocarbon chain ending in a carboxyl group.

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13
Q

What is a phosphollipid?

A

A lipid composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to two fatty acids and a phosphate group with an R group.

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14
Q

What is a lipid bilayer?

A

A structure with hydrophilic “heads” of phospholipids directed toward the aqueous environment and hydrophobic “tails” directed towards the centre, interacting with each other.

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15
Q

Are fatty acids saturated or unsaturated?

A

They can be both.
Saturated - no double bonds between carbon atoms.
Unsaturated - one or more double bonds between carbon atoms.

16
Q

What is a steroid?

A

It is a lipid composed of four attached carbon-based rings.

17
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

It regulates sexual function and aids in building bone and muscle mass.

18
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

Regulates sex functions in females, acts to increase the storage of fats.

19
Q

What does steroids do in medicine?

A

They are used to reduce inflammation.

20
Q

What is wax?

A

Wax is a lipid composed of long carbon-based chains that are solids at room temperature.

21
Q

What does wax do in plants?

A

It covers the surface of leaves, preventing wager and solutes from escaping and helping to repel insects.

22
Q

What is wax in animals?

A

Wax is found on the skin, fur and feathers of many animals and in the exoskeleton of insects.

23
Q

What is a protein?

A

It is a biological macromolecule composed of amino acid monomers linked by covalent bonds.

24
Q

What is an amino acid?

A

It is an organic molecule composed of a central carbon atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a variable R group.

25
Q

What do proteins do?

A
  • Catalyze chemical reactions
  • Provide structural support
  • Transport substances in the body
  • Enable organisms to move
  • Regulate cellular processes
  • Provide defense from disease
26
Q

SEE PAGE 26 FIGURE 1.19 FOR 20 COMMON AMINO ACIDS

A

12 can be produced by body while 8 can’t.

27
Q

How many amino acids cannot be produced by the body?

A

8.

28
Q

What amino acids cannot be produced by the body?

A

Isoleucine, Leucine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Tryptophan and Valine.

29
Q

What is a polypeptide?

A

A polymer composed of many amino acids linked together by covalent bonds.

30
Q

What are proteins composed of?

A

One or more polypeptides.

31
Q

What are the levels of Protein Organization?

A

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure

32
Q

What is nucleic acid?

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotide monosomers.

33
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid.

34
Q

What is DNA?

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar deoxyribose.

35
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic acid.

36
Q

What is RNA?

A

A biological macromolecule composed of nucleotides containing the sugar ribose.

37
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

An organic molecule composed of a sugar bonded to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.

Grade 12 Biology (2 decks)

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