chapter 12 - emotion & motivation Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
what type of experiments did Hebb and Heron do?
A
sensory deeprivation
2
Q
what did Rhesus monkeys do?
A
- willing to performa tasks to look thorugh the window
- spent more time looking at objects after longer deprivation
3
Q
what are brain circuits affected by?
A
- hormones
- chemical senses (smell and taste) - chemosignals
4
Q
chemosignals play central role in:
A
motivated and emotional behaviour
5
Q
what does scent interact with? where?
A
chemical receptors in olfactory epithelium
6
Q
whats does an odorant stimulate?
A
unique pattern of receptors
7
Q
olfactory pathway in 5 steps:
A
1) olfactory receptor cells
2) olfactory bulb
3) glomeruli
4) mitral cells
5) areas of forebrains
**DONT directly go trhough thalamus
8
Q
pheromones
A
biochemicals released that act as chemosignals to affect the physiology/ behaviour of another animal
9
Q
what is the vomeronasal organ? function? what 2 brain structures is it connected to?
A
special olfactory receptor system that detects pheromones
- connected to amygdals and hypothalamus
10
Q
what kind of smells do humans have an acute sensitivity to?
A
behaviourally relevant smells
11
Q
what brain regions do familiar body odours activate?
A
regions involved in emotional processing:
- increased PFC and OFC activation
- decreased amygdala activation
12
Q
what is androstadienone?
A
human sweat chemical
13
Q
what brain regions does as stranger’s odour activate?
A
- amygdala
- insular cortex
14
Q
what % of taste receptors do humans lose by age 20?
A
~50%
15
Q
why do we have super and non tasters?
A
taste receptor gene***
16
Q
what is the solitary tract? what forms it?
A
the main gustatory nerve
formed by cranial nerves 7, 9, & 10
17
Q
where does the solitary tract split? into how many tracts?
A
at the brainstem, into 2 tracts
18
Q
1st solitary tract path:
A
- nucleus of solitary tract
- thalamus
- primary somatosensory and gustatory cortex (insula)
19
Q
where does the anterior insular project to?
A
OFC, our perception of flavour comes from mix of olfactory and gustatory input
20
Q
right vs left OFC
A
right = mediates pleasantness of taste
left = mediates unpleasantness of taste
21
Q
what does the primary somatosensory cortex respond to?
A
tactile info
22
Q
2nd solitary tract path:
A
1) nucleus of solitary tract
2) hypothalamus and amygdala
23
Q
3 causes of emotional and motivated behaviour:
A
- we engage in behaviour to stimulate the brain
- our neural circuits lead us to engage or avoid certain behaviours
- evolution, environment, and behaviour
24
Q
innate releasing mechanism
A
- detects specific sensory stimuli and directs organisms to take particular action
- hypothetical, assumes brains has set of norms against which it can match stimuli to trigger appropriate response
ex: babies imitate adult faces innately by matching to internal templates
*can be modified w experience
25
learned taste aversion:
acquired association between specific taste or odour and illness
26
preparedness:
predisposition to respond to certain stimuli differently than to other
- brain is prewired to make certain types of associations
27
critical structures of motivated behaviour
- hypothalamus and pituitary gland
- limbic system
- frontal lobes
28
where do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland send info?
to brainstem circuits to produce behaviour
29
where do the limbic system and frontal lobes project to? (think of the cone)
hypothalamus
30
regulatory behaviours:
motivated actions to meet survival needs, controlled by homeostatic mechanisms
ex: hunger, thirst, sleep, temperature regualtion
31
non regulatory behaviours:
not necessary for survival, more controlled by frontal lobe
ex: sex, reading, curiosity
32
how does the hypothalamus maintain homeostasis?
- acts on endocrine system and autonomic NS
- controls hormone secretion from pituitary
- influences behaviours selected by limbic system
33
limbic system selected behaviours:
HR, feeding, sexual activity
34
3 regions of hypothalamus:
1. lateral
2. medial
3. paraventricular (has oxytocin)
35
lateral hypothalamus contains? which connects? is made of?
medial forebrain bundle:
- connects lower brainstem to amygdala & BG to frontal cortex
- contains dopamine and noradrenaline fibers
36
what happens if there is a deficit in or damage to the medial forebrain bundle?
deficit associated w addictive behaviour
damage associated w schizophrenia
37
what is the pituitary broken down into ? types of tissue and functions of each?
posterior = neural tissue, continuation of hypothalamus
anterior = glandular tissue, synthesizes hormones
38
releasing hormones:
peptides released from hypothalamus to increase or decrease release of hormones from anterior pituitary
39
hormones from anterior pituitary:
- ACTH
- TSH
- FSH
- LH
- prolactin
- GH
40
how is hypothalamic hormone - related activity controlled?
1. feedback loop (hormones causes decreased secretion of releasing hormones)
2. neural controls (excit/inhibitory influences of cognition influence periventricular neurons)
3. experiential response (experience alters structure/ function of hypothalamic neurons)
41
what can electrical stimulation of nuclei in hypothalamus produce?
goal-directed behaviours
ex: drinking, digging, fear, attack, reproductive behaviour
42
what structures make up the limbic system?
amygdala
anterior thalamus
cingulate gyrus = processing emotion, autonomic function
hippocampal formation
43
what makes up the hippocampal formation?
hippocampus = species specific. behaviours, memory, spatial navigation
parahippocampal cortex = encoding and retrieval of episodic memories
44
what makes up the papez circuit
- hippocampal formation
- amygdala
- prefrontal cortex
45
amygdala functions:
- Amygdala neurons = responds to all sensory stimuli, Control emotional behaviour
- Multimodal neurons - process info from all systems
- Sends projections to hypothalamus - influences hormonal and autonomic response
- conscious awareness of event/ object consequences
46
Prefrontal Cortex function:
- goal selection = appropriate movement based on prior knowledge and current emotion
- house "executive function"
- damage = often unaware of comments affect on social situations
47
prefrontal cortex outputs:
- amygdala
- hypothalamus
48
what happens if there is damage to the dorsal prefrontal cortex?
damaged cognitive processes in decision making/ memory/ movements
49
3 components of emotion:
1. autonomic response ex: increased HR
2. subjective feelings ex: fear
3. cognitions ex: thoughts about experience
50
James Lang Theory of Emotion
= physiological changes come first, then brain interprets these changes as an emotion
- cortex produces cognitive responses to autonomic info
51
appraisal theory of emotion
= emotions are processes rather than states
52
biological components of emotional episodes according to appraisal theory
appraisal component = evaluation of context
somatic components = physiologic effects
behavioural components
feeling component = subjective experience or feeling
53
what is kluver-bucy syndrome? symptoms?
removal of the amygdala:
- loss of feel
- examine objects by mouth
- visual agnosia
- autoerotic activity
- indiscriminate dietary behaviour
*species likely wont survive
54
what is orbitofrontal damage characterized by?
severe personality change = apathy and loss of drive
55
what is the orbitofrontal area responsible for?
conscious awareness of emotional states produces by rest of limbic system
56
emotional disorders (4):
- major depression
- generalized anxiety disorder
- phobia
- panic disorder
57
what 3 factors does psychopathy arise from?
1. genetics
2. brain abnormality
3. exposure to violence/ abuse
58
which brain area shows less activation in violent people?
OFC - is involved w/ understanding ethics and morality and behaviour inhibition
59
default mode network:
activates when awake bu not performing task ex: daydreaming, thinking
60
salience network:
involved w switching between default mode and central executive networks
61
central executive network
engages conscious brain to think and maintain attention on prioritized task
62
where is there activation when making decisions to avoid boredom?
caudate nucleus (dopamine nigrostriatal pathway"), also insula in people paying more
63
2 independent processes of reward:
1. wanting
2. liking
64
what hormone does wanting involve?
dopamine
65
what systems does liking involve?
opioid and benzodiazepine systems
66
what is eating controlled by?
homeostatic mechanism
67
what system is digestion controlled by?
enteric NS
68
what does a lesion in the LATERAL hypothalamus cause?
aphagia
69
what does a lesion in the VENTROMEDIAL hypothalamus cause?
hyperphagia
70
aphagia:
failure to eat due to unwillingness or motor difficulties
71
hyperphagia
overeating disorder - causes significant weight gain
72
how does damage to amygdala impact eating?
alter food preferences, abolishes taste aversion learning
73
how does damage to orbital prefrontal cortex impact eating?
decreased eating due to diminished sensory responses to food odor or taste
74
osmotic thirst
drinking water to restore chemical balance
75
hypovolemic thirst
drinking fluid other than water to restore nutrients
76
water intoxication
too much water is consumed, cells drown and electrolyte imbalance results
77
how do gonadal hormones influence brain region prenatally?
they promote enzyme production for epigenetic changes
78
why are some hypothalamic nuclei larger in males?
testosterone's effect on brain development prior to birth
