chapter 12: eukaryotes - fungi, algae, protozoa, helminths

Question 1

what are fungal cell walls made of?

Answer 1

chitin

Question 2

yeast

Answer 2

nonfilaments; unicellular

Question 3

fungi

Answer 3

chemoheterotrophs; saprotrophic (sticks itself into food to consume it); aerobic or facultative anaerobic; chitin cell wall; produce spores (sexual & asexual reproduction); decomposers

Question 4

dimorphic fungi

Answer 4

fungi that can grow as either yeast or hyphae /moldlike depending on temperature and carbon dioxide concentration
ex) mold in cold, yeast in heat

Question 5

how does budding yeast divide?

Answer 5

unevenly

Question 6

how does fission yeast divide?

Answer 6

evenly

Question 7

hyphae

Answer 7

each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a fungus

Question 8

mycelium

Answer 8

vegetative part of a fungus; network of fine white filaments / hyphae

Question 9

septate hyphae

Answer 9

hyphae with cross walls included

Question 10

aseptate / coenocytic hyphae

Answer 10

hyphae without cross walls; resulted from cell division without cytokinesis

Question 11

saccharomyces cerevisiae

Answer 11

type of fungi; “brewer’s yeast”; used for baking and making alcohol

Question 12

candida albicans

Answer 12

the yeast in “yeast infection”; skin-eating pathogen of humans that overgrows in body parts that are damp, immunocompromised, or has a disturbed natural bacterial flora

Question 13

ringworm

Answer 13

caused by different species of fungi (not worms); eat skin / keratin

Question 14

mychorrhizae

Answer 14

live in the ground; connect to several plants simultaneously & shuttle resources between different plants; complex symbiotic mutualistic relationship

Question 15

algae

Answer 15

any photosynthetic eukaryote that is not a plant; more ecological importance than medical (make food needed by other heterotrophic organisms)

Question 16

endosymbiosis

Answer 16

symbiosis in which one of the symbiotic organisms lives inside the other; one cell becoming a permanent obligate resident of another cell to the point that they become one organism

Question 17

phylogenetics

Answer 17

classifying organisms by their evolutionary relationships

Question 18

algal bloom / red tide

Answer 18

temporary and rapid explosion of the population of algae in the environment; often results in colored scum on the surface

Question 19

water molds

Answer 19

group of protists; produce spores with flagella; cell walls made of cellulose; plant pathogens
ex) phytopthora infestans caused the late blight that led to the potato famine

Question 20

protozoans

Answer 20

unicellular animal like protists; often motile (mobile); usually aerobic; ingestive heterotrophs (take food inside and digest it in vacuoles); have a pellicle (flexible protein outer covering)

Question 21

{protozoan} cyst form

Answer 21

very tough resting stage that is used to endure harsh environmental conditions; similar to form of bacterial endospores

Question 22

giardia

Answer 22

{protozoan} microscopic parasite that contains cysts that hatch / germinate when ingested and turn into trophozoites which feed and reproduce; causes diarrhea; when trophozoites and cysts re-enter outside world, trophozoites die and cysts continue to infect others

Question 23

amoeba

Answer 23

{protozoan} “looks like a blob”; moves by flowing part of cytoplasm in one direction (extend a pseudopod); surround and engulf cells; most are harmless
ex) entamoeba histolytica is a pathogen

Question 24

plasmodium

Answer 24

{protozoan} contains multiple species that cause malaria

ex) anopheles mosquitos are the vector for malaria

Question 25

secondary host

Answer 25

an organism that harbors the sexually immature parasite and is required by the parasite to undergo development and complete its life cycle ex) human is secondary host bc mosquito parasite reproduces asexually there; mosquito is primary host because sexual reproduction happens there

Question 26

primary host

Answer 26

the host in which a parasite becomes sexually mature and usually spends most of its life cycle

Question 27

helminth

Answer 27

parasitic worms; two phyla= platyhelminths (flatworms, flukes & tapeworms) & nematoda (roundworms, hookworms, pinworms & trichinella)

Question 28

blood fluke / schistosoma mansoni life cycle

Answer 28

eggs shed from infected human → eggs hatch and release miracidia →miracidia penetrate snail tissue → sporocysts develop in snail → free swimming cercariae released from snail into water → cercariae penetrate skin → cercariae loses tail during penetration → circulation → migration to portal blood in liver and maturation into adults → worms migrate to bladder, bowel/rectum

Question 29

beef tapeworm / taenia saginata life cycle

Answer 29

eggs in feces are passed into environment → cattle become infected by ingesting vegetation contaminated by eggs → eggs hatch and penetrate intestinal wall and circulate to muscles → develop in muscles → humans infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat → scolex (sucker) attaches to intestine → become adults in small intestine

Question 30

pinworm / enterobius vermicularis life cycle

Answer 30

eggs on perianal folds → embryonated eggs ingested by human → larvae hatch in small intestine → adults in lumen → female migrates to perianal region at night to lay eggs