Chapter 12- Kidneys, Adrenals, Pancreas

Question 1

The hormones:

• 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3
• Erythropoietin
• Renin

are all produced by the __________

Answer 1

kidney

Question 2

ADH, RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN, PTH, and ALDOSTERONE are all important for __________ function

Answer 2

renal (kidney)

Question 3

ADH (VASOPRESSIN) regulates the amount of __________ excreted by the __________

Answer 3

water

kidneys

Question 4

ADH released from the pituitary monitors the amount volume of __________ going through the HYPOTHALAMUS, or monitoring the concentration of __________ in the BLOOD

Answer 4

blood

water

Question 5

Aldosterone is secreted from which part of the adrenal gland?

Answer 5

zona glomerulosa

Question 6

__________ are the primary target of ALDOSTERONE

Answer 6

kidneys

Question 7

Aldosterone is important for absorption of __________ (2)

Answer 7

sodium

water

Question 8

Aldosterone is important in the regulation of __________ (3) in the PLASMA

Answer 8

sodium
potassium
electrolytes

Question 9

The __________ system regulates BP and FLUID BALANCE

Answer 9

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS)

Question 10

If there is a LOSS of blood volume or BP, the __________ in the __________ sense the drop in BP or blood volume

Answer 10

baroreceptors

carotid sinus

Question 11

The __________ cells release RENIN

Answer 11

juxtaglomerular

Question 12

The __________ cells signal the JUXTAGLOMERULAR cells to release RENIN

Answer 12

macula densa (cells)

Question 13

MACULA DENSA cells sense a decrease in BP, this causes a decrease in __________

Answer 13

glomerular filtration rate (GRF)

Question 14

Elevated __________ ions stimulates the renin release in the juxtaglomerular cells

Answer 14

sodium chloride ions

Question 15

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system causes __________ of the plasma

Answer 15

osmolarity

Question 16

Juxtaglomerular cells in the kidneys release __________ into circulation

Answer 16

renin

Question 17

In the RAAS system, plasma renin activates the conversion of __________ from the liver to __________

Answer 17

angiotensinogen

angitensin I

Question 18

In the RAAS system, angiotensinogen from the liver, to angiotensin I is converted to __________

Answer 18

angiotensin II

Question 19

What converts angiotensionogen and angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

Answer 19

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

Question 20

ACE converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the __________

Answer 20

lungs

Question 21

__________ causes BVs to CONSTRICT in the RAAS system

Answer 21

angitensin II

Question 22

Angiotensin II stimulates the release of __________ from the __________ in the RAAS system

Answer 22

aldosterone

adrenal cortex

Question 23

____________ increases reabsorption of SODIUM and WATER increasing BP and fluid volume

Answer 23

Aldosterone

Question 24

Name the ORGANS, in ORDER involved in the RAAS system

Answer 24

Kidney –> Liver –> Lungs –> Adrenal

Question 25

The RAAS system increases filtration of the glomerular system, which brings __________ up to normal

Answer 25

BP

Question 26

PTH works with the KIDNEY to regulate __________ (2)

Answer 26

calcium | phosphate

Question 27

The RAAS system stimulates the release of __________

Answer 27

norepinephrine

Question 28

When norepinephrine is released by the RAAS system, it increases __________ of the BVs, which INCREASES __________ when pressure is low

Answer 28

vasoconstriction | BP

Question 29

Where is Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) synthesized?

Answer 29

atrium of the heart

Question 30

ANP stimulates renal excretion of SODIUM by DECREASING secretion of __________

Answer 30

angiotensin II

Question 31

What is the PRIMARY function of ADH (antidiuretic hormone)/Arginine Vasopressin?

Answer 31

increase renal reabsorption of water

Question 32

__________ is the decreased output of ADH.

Answer 32

Central diabetes insipidus

Question 33

Central diabetes insipidus causes excessive __________ (2)

Answer 33

``` urine output (polyuria) thirst ```

Question 34

Central diabetes insipidus causes INCREASED __________ after compensation

Answer 34

aldosterone

Question 35

Why does Central Diabetes Insipidus cause increased aldosterone after compensation?

Answer 35

BP drops and the body tries to restore it to normal

Question 36

Polyuria, dilute urine, HYPOtension, and increased plasma concentration are all characteristics of __________ (2)

Answer 36

central diabetes insipidus | nephrogic diabetes insipidus

Question 37

__________ is characterized by abnormalities of the kidneys

Answer 37

nephrogenic diabets insipidus

Question 38

Nephrogenic diabtes insipidus causes DECREASED sensitivity to, and INCREASED secretion of __________

Answer 38

ADH

Question 39

__________ is excessive release of ADH

Answer 39

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion

Question 40

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion is FLUID OVERLOAD in patients and is CAUSED BY __________ (3)

Answer 40

strokes head trauma brain tumors

Question 41

Which hormones are released from the PANCREAS? (2)

Answer 41

insulin | glucagon

Question 42

What is the LOCATION of insulin?

Answer 42

beta cells of the pancreas

Question 43

What is the site of synthesis for GLUCAGON?

Answer 43

alpha cells-islets of langerhans

Question 44

What is the PRIMARY function of the Pancreas?

Answer 44

increase blood glucose

Question 45

What is the SECONDARY function of the Pancreas?

Answer 45

decrease plasma calcium

Question 46

Which type of diabetes is known as "INSULIN DEPENDENT" diabetes and "JUVENILE ONSET" diabetes

Answer 46

type I diabetes

Question 47

In Type I Diabetes, antibodies attack the __________

Answer 47

pancreas (beta cells)

Question 48

In Type I Diabetes, the Pancreas in INCAPABLE of making __________

Answer 48

insulin

Question 49

In which type of diabetes will the patient NEED INSULIN FOR LIFE?

Answer 49

Type I diabetes

Question 50

Which type of diabetes is known as "NON-INSULIN DEPENDENT" diabetes or "ADULT ONSET" diabetes?

Answer 50

Type II diabetes

Question 51

In __________ diabetes, the patients CAN STILL MAKE INSULIN

Answer 51

Type II (diabetes)

Question 52

In __________ diabetes, the body LACKS SENSITIVITY TO INSULIN

Answer 52

Type II (diabetes)