Chapter 12- Nervous System

Question 1

• The __₁ system continuously __₂ and processes __₃ information both from the external environment and from __₄ the body.
• Three overlapping functions:
  
  1. __ ₅ receptors monitor changes(stimuli) inside and outside of the body.
     
     • Gathered info: sensory __₆
  2. Processes and __₇ sensory input (__₈ ).. makes __₉.
  3. __₁₀ a response by activating __₁₁ organs (motor output)

Answer 1

1. nervous 8. integration
2. monitors 9. decisions
3. sensory 10. dictates
4. within 11. affector
5. sensory
6. input
7. interprets

Question 2

• The central nervous system(CNS) is the __₁ and __₂ center. It consists of the __₃ and spinal cord.
• The peripheral nervous system(PNS) consists of __₄ extending from the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves). The PNS __₅ all regions of the body to the __₆

Answer 2

1. integrating
2. command
3. brain
4. nerves
5. links
6. CNS

Question 3

• Sensory (__₁- “carrying toward”) signals picked up by __₂ receptors and carried by __₃ fibers of the PNS into the CNS.
• Motor (efferent- “carrying away”) signals are carried __₄ from the CNS. (__₅ muscles and ___​6)

Answer 3

1. afferent
2. sensor
3. nerve
4. away
5. innervates
6. glands

Question 4

• Both the __₁ inputs and __₂ outputs are further subdivided according to the __₃ regions they serve:
  
  • __₄ body region: structures external to the ventral body cavity (__₅, skeletal, __, bone)
  • Visceral body region: The __₆ within the ventral body cavity (___​7 tube, lungs, heart, bladder, etc.)

Answer 4

1. sensory
2. motor
3. body
4. somatic
5. skin, musculature
6. viscera
7. digestive

Question 5

• Results in four main subdivisions:
  
  1. Somatic sensory: the sensory innervation of the __₁ part of the body.
  2. Visceral sensory: the sensory innervation of the __₂
  3. Somatic (__₃) motor: the motor innervation of the outer tube; specifically skeletal muscles.
  4. Visceral (__₄) motor: the motor innervation of the __ __₅; specifically __₆ muscle, __₆muscle, and ___​6.

Answer 5

1. outer
2. viscera
3. voluntary
4. involuntary
5. inner tube
6. smooth, cardiac, glands

Question 6

1. Somatic Sensory
   
   • General somatic senses: senses whose receptors are widely __₁ throughout the __₂ part of the __₃ (touch, pain, vibration, pressure, and temperature)
   • Proprioceptive senses: detect __₄ in tendons and __₅; give body sense of __₆ and movement of body in __ ₇.
   • Special __₈ senses: hearing, __ ₉, vision, and __.

Answer 6

1. spread 7. space.
2. outer 8. somatic
3. body 9. balance, smell
4. stretch
5. muscles
6. position

Question 7

2. Visceral Sensory

• General visceral senses: stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger; widely felt in __₁ and __₂ tracts, reproductive organs, and other viscera.
• Special visceral senses: ___​3

3. Somatic motor
   * General somatic motor: signals __₄ of skeletal muscles; under our voluntary control; often called “voluntary nervous system.”

Answer 7

1. digestive
2. urinary
3. taste
4. voluntary

Question 8

• Visceral motor
  
  • General Visceral motor: __₁ the contraction of __₂ and cardiac muscle and __₃ from glands; makes up __ ₄ nervous system (ANS); controls function of visceral organs; often called “___​5 nervous system.”

Answer 8

1. regulates
2. smooth
3. secretion
4. autonomic
5. involuntary

Question 9

• Cells are __₁ packed and intertwined
• Nervous tissue is composed of __₂ main cell types:
  
  • neurons: __₃ nerve cells that __4 electrical signals.
  • support cells (glial cells): non-excitable cells that __₅ and wrap the neurons.

Answer 9

1. densely
2. two
3. excitable
4. transmit
5. surround

Question 10

• Neurons (nerve cells) are the __ __₁ units of the nervous system. They are __₂ cells that conduct __₃ impulses along their plasma membrane. Neurons send and receive signals.
• other special characteristics
  
  • longevity
  • do not divide: fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo __₄
  • High __₅ rate (requires an abundant amount of oxygen and __₆)

Answer 10

1. basic structural
2. specialized
3. electrical
4. mitosis
5. metabolic
6. glucose

Question 11

• All neurons have a cell body (__ or __₁).. __₂ contains a single nucleus and the usual organelles.
  
  • Chromatophilic or Nissl bodies: clusters of __₃ ER and free __₄ that stain darkly and renew membranes of the cell.
  • Neurofibrils: bundles of __₅ filaments; form a __ ₆ between chromatophilic bodies.
• Note: most neuronal cell bodies are located within the CNS and __₇ by __ ₈ of the skull and vertebral column.
• Ganglia: clusters of cell bodies not in CNS; nerves in PNS.

Answer 11

1. soma, perikaryon 8. bones
2. cytoplasm
3. rough
4. ribosomes
5. intermediate
6. network
7. protected

Question 12

• Processes __₁ from the cell bodies of all neurons.
  
  • Two types: __₂ and dendrites
• Dendrites(dendro=tree) __₃ from the cell body;
  
  • all __₄ that occur in the cell body also occur in the dendrites
  • bear receptors for __₅ released by other neurons.
  • transmit electrical signals ___​6 the cell body.

Answer 12

1. extend
2. axons
3. branch
4. organelles
5. neurotransmitters
6. toward

Question 13

• Axons (neuron has only one)
  
  • transmits __ __₁ from the cell body; no protein __₂ in axon.
  • Neurofilaments, __ ₃microfilaments, and microtubules provide structural __ ₄ along the length of the axon; aid in the __ ₅ of substances to and from the cell body.

Answer 13

1. impulses away
2. synthesis
3. actin
4. strength
5. transport