Chapter 12 part 2

Question 1

What are the critical structures for motivated behaviour?

Answer 1

Hypothalamus and pituitary
Limic system
Frontal lobes

Question 2

Which parts of brain project back to hypothalamus?

Answer 2

limbic system and frontal lobes

Question 3

Where do the hypothalamus and pituitary send information to?

Answer 3

other brainstem circuits to produce behaviour

Question 4

What is regulatory behaviour? Exmaples?

Answer 4

motivated actions that are needed for survival
Eating, drinking, waste etc

Question 5

What controls regulatory behaviours?

Answer 5

homeostatic mechanisms including the hypothalamus

Question 6

What are non regulatory behaviours? examples?

Answer 6

actions that are not needed to survive. Sex

Question 7

What controls non regulatory behaviours?

Answer 7

not controlled by homeostatic mechanisms - more frontal lobe involvement than hypothalamus

Question 8

How does the hypothalamus control homeostasis?

Answer 8

Acting on both the endocrine system and autonomic nervous system

Question 9

What does the hypothalamus do?

Answer 9

Influences behaviours selected by the limbic system and controls behaviours from heart rate to feeding to sexual activity

Question 10

What are the three regions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 10

Lateral region
Medial region
Paraventricular region

Question 11

What does the lateral region of the hypothalamus do?

Answer 11

regulates appetite and food intake (eating behaviour), motivation, reward, arousal

Question 12

What does the medial hypothalamus do?

Answer 12

Controls autonomic function, regulates body temp and is a satiety detector

Question 13

What does the paraventricular region of the hypothalamus do?

Answer 13

produces hormones such as corticotropin releasing hormone

Question 14

What happens if you lesion or electrically stimulate the lateral hypothalamus?

Answer 14

Lesion - Aphagia –> don’t eat
electrical stimulation – eat a lot

Question 15

What happens if you lesion the medial hypothalamus

Answer 15

lesion hyperphagia – eat a lot
electrical - don’t eat

Question 16

What does the lateral region of the hypothalamus contain?

Answer 16

nuclei and nerve tracts that connect to lower brain stem and the forebrain

Question 17

What is the structure that connects the brainstem structures to the limbic system that passes through the lateral hypothalamus?

Answer 17

Medial forebrain bundle

Question 18

What else forms part of the medial forebrain bundle?

Answer 18

Dopamine fibers (nigrostriatal and mesolimbic pathways) and noradrenaline fibers

Question 19

What are the two parts of the pituitary?

Answer 19

Posterior pituitary
Anterior pituitary

Question 20

What is the posterior pituitary?

Answer 20

continuation of hypothalamus –> neural tissue
Stores hormones from hypothalamus

Question 21

What is the anterior pituitary?

Answer 21

Glandular tissue that synthesizes various hormones from direction of hypothalamus

Question 22

What does the hypothalamus release to the pituitary?

Answer 22

Releasing hormones

Question 23

What are releasing hormones?

Answer 23

peptides released by the hypothalamus to increase or decrease the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

Question 24

What does the hypothalamus do to the pituitary?

Answer 24

Controls the release of anterior pituitary hormones by producing releasing hormones

Question 25

What are the three ways the hypothalamusnhormone-related activity is controlled?

Answer 25

Feedback loop Neural controls Experiential response

Question 26

How is hormone release by hypothalamus controlled via feedback loop?

Answer 26

Hormones influence the hypothalamus to decrease secretion of releasing hormones

Question 27

How do neural controls influence hormone release?

Answer 27

Excitatory and inhibitory influences exerted by cognitive activities can influence neurons in the in the periventricular region of hypothalamus

Question 28

Give example of neural controls on hormones?

Answer 28

Infant related stimuli excites the hypothalamus which causes oxytocin release whereas anxiety inhibits the hypothalamus and decreases oxytocin release

Question 29

How does experience influence hormone release?

Answer 29

excitation can alter the structure and function of hypothalamic neurons - lactating women have larger hypothalamus

Question 30

How does the hypothalamus influence goal directed behaviours?

Answer 30

Electrical stimulation will produce goal directed behaviours such as eating, drinking, digging, displaying fear, predatory or attack behaviour, reproductive behaviour

Question 31

How is goal directed behaviours different from species typical behaviours?

Answer 31

This is higher level

Question 32

What does this goal directed behaviour look like?

Answer 32

It is indistinguishable from normal behaviours --> rat digs when stimulated

Question 33

What is eating? Regulatory of non regulatory? What is it controlled by?

Answer 33

Regulatory behaviour controlled by homeostatic mechanisms

Question 34

What controls digestion? How?

Answer 34

ENS cells keep tract of levels of nutrient in the blood stream

Question 35

What nutrients do we extract from food?

Answer 35

lipids AA, glucose

Question 36

What regulates eating?

Answer 36

Hormones from hypothalamus

Question 37

What happens if you lesion the lateral hypothalamus?

Answer 37

Aphagia --> unwillingness to eat or motor difficulties

Question 38

What happens if you electrically stimulate the lateral hypothalamus?

Answer 38

eating

Question 39

What happens if you lesion the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Answer 39

hyperphagia

Question 40

What is hyperphagia? What other lesion can cause this?

Answer 40

disorder of overeating that causes significant weight gain Paraventricular hypothalamus

Question 41

What happens if you electrically stimulate the ventromedial hypothalamus?

Answer 41

inhibits feding

Question 42

Which parts are involved in the cognitive control of eating?

Answer 42

amygdala and orbital prefrontal cortex (OFC)

Question 43

What does the amygdala do for eating? what happens if it is damaged?

Answer 43

projects to the hypothalamus alters food preferences and abolishes learned taste aversions

Question 44

What does the orbital prefrontal cortex do for eating? what happens if it is damaged?

Answer 44

receives input from olfactory bulb decrease eating due to diminished sensory responses to food odor and taste

Question 45

What are the two types of thirst?

Answer 45

Osmotic thirst Hypovolemic thirst

Question 46

What is osmotic thirst?

Answer 46

Drinking water to restore chemical balance

Question 47

What is hypovolemic thirst?

Answer 47

Drinking fluids other than water to restore nutrients

Question 48

What stimulates osmotic thirst?

Answer 48

solute level changes activate receptors in hypothalamus

Question 49

What stimulates hypervolemic thirst?

Answer 49

kidneys send signals to hypothalamus to promote drinking

Question 50

What do sex hormones do during development?

Answer 50

Organization

Question 51

What do sex hormones do during adult hood?

Answer 51

activation of different brain areas

Question 52

Which areas do gonadal hormones influence?

Answer 52

Amygdala, prefrontal cortex, medial hypothalamus

Question 53

What is the amygdala involved in for sexual behaviour?

Answer 53

Sexual motivation

Question 54

What is the preoptic area involved in for sexual behaviour?

Answer 54

copulatory behaviour

Question 55

What do gonadal hormones do for epigenetics

Answer 55

promote gene methylation

Question 56

What does estrogen do for gene methylation?

Answer 56

methylates preoptic area for females leading to the supression of male characteristics

Question 57

What part of heterosexual men is different?

Answer 57

hypothalamus

Question 58

What could form the basis for the spectrum of gender identity?

Answer 58

differences in hypothalamus