Chapter 12: Racialized Youth Crime and Justice in Canada

Question 1

Visible Minority

Answer 1

An official term for people other than Indigenous people who are non-white

Question 2

Risk Factors for Gang Involvement in Racialized Youth

Answer 2

Young people are considered traditionally at risk based on poor socioeconomic backgrounds, substance abuse, unstable families

Question 3

Link between Immigration, Ethnicity and Crime

Answer 3

Four sociological models used: importation, strain, cultural conflict, and the bias models

Question 4

Importation Model

Answer 4

The direct relationship between crime and immigration
Youth who come to Canada from countries where crime is common are more likely to commit crime in Canada

Question 5

Strain Model

Answer 5

The criminal behavior and gang involvement of youth from immigrant families is a result of their marginalized and disadvantaged position in the host country

Question 6

Multiple Marginality

Answer 6

The combined disadvantage, marginalization, and powerlessness that racialized youth face, which often results in street socialization and gang involvement

Question 7

Cultural Conflict Model

Answer 7

The intersection of immigration and culture are at the root of criminal behavior
A majority of immigrants do not intend to commit crime in their host country because acts that are acceptable in their home country may not be acceptable elsewhere

Question 8

Bias Model

Answer 8

The overrepresentation of certain racialized groups in the criminal justice system is a result of racial discrimination and bias within the criminal justice system
Youth from certain racial groups and backgrounds are more likely to be arrested, surveilled, and convicted

Question 9

Racialized

Answer 9

A term that denotes that race is not biological but a social construct ascribed to persons on the basis of differential power relations

Question 10

Disproportionate Minority Contact

Answer 10

Describing the consistent overrepresentation of persons from certain ethnic background in police-citizen contacts, relative to their representation in the population

Question 11

Systemic Racism

Answer 11

Critical racism theorists contend that racism is reflected in a variety of areas of social life. Systemic racism serves to perpetuate the political and economic dominance of whites in society over all other groups

Question 12

Street Interrogations

Answer 12

A tactic whereby persons are proactively stopped and questioned by police. Critics suggest these stops target youth from racialized backgrounds and constitute racial profiling

Question 13

Differential Involvement

Answer 13

Differences in offending between minority youth and whites
Minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because they commit more serious crimes for longer periods in life

Question 14

Differential Selection

Answer 14

The police treat youth from minority backgrounds differently than white youth
Minority youth are overrepresented in police encounters because the actions of police include aggressive policing and targeting of certain crimes

Question 15

Racial Profiling

Answer 15

The use of the perceived race or ethnicity of a person as a factor in determining police suspicion, rather than that person’s involvement in a specific criminal incident

Question 16

Order-Maintenance Strategies

Answer 16

Policing tactics designed to regulate the use of public spaces and to address signs of “disorder”

Question 17

Social Ecology of Crime

Answer 17

The impact of human interactions with the lived environment on crime causation and victimization
Crime is typically concentrated in areas with high levels of socioeconomic disadvantage and disorder, which leads to higher police supervisions

Question 18

Hot Spots Policing

Answer 18

A strategy of identifying the specific areas where crime has been shown to be concentrated

Question 19

Street Checks or Carding

Answer 19

A common policing tactic involving police initiated stops against persons in situations that typically do not involve an arrest
The police collect personal information from those stopped

Question 20

Radicalization

Answer 20

The process whereby persons holding moderate beliefs are converted to extreme social, political, and religious beliefs that justify and compel violence

Question 21

Procedural Justice

Answer 21

A process based approach to legitimacy whereby judgements are made about the quality of treatments received by the police and the fairness of the process by which the police make decisions