Chapter 12: Sexuality Across the Life Span Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
Infancy (Birth to Two Years)
A
Most boys have erections during the first few weeks of life
2
Q
Infants discover the pleasure of self-stimulation (masturbation) for themselves when they
A
gain the ability to manipulate their genitals with their hands.
3
Q
Masturbation is typical for infants and young children, and may start as early as
A
Five months (but orgasm is rare until age of 2)
4
Q
Early Childhood (Two to Five Years)
A
the ability to identify oneself as a boy or a girl.
children should begin to learn the basic rules of privacy, that they have basic autonomy over their own bodies, and that there’s a distinction between good touch
5
Q
Middle Childhood (Five to Eight Years)
A
Some children at this age have relationships with special friends that resemble an early form of dating (first conscious romantic attachments)
Children may show their genitals to each other, touch each other’s genitals, and, in rare cases, masturbate together.
6
Q
Preadolescence (Nine to Twelve Years)
A
typically form relationships with best friends of the same gender, enabling them to share secrets and confidences.
At this stage, boys are likely to think girls are dorks
7
Q
They found that 45% of males and 15% of females had masturbated by age ____
A
13
8
Q
There are four major developmental tasks of adolescent sexuality:
A
1) Adapt to the physical and emotional changes of puberty.
2) Accept yourself as a sexual being.
3) Explore romantic and sexual relationships.
4) Learn to protect your sexual health.
9
Q
Pueberty
A
Stage in development when reproduction first becomes possible
- Begins with appearance of secondary sex characteristics
- End when the long bones make no further gains in length
10
Q
secondary sex characteristics
A
Such as bodility distribution of hair and fat, development of muscle mass, and deepening of voice
11
Q
primary sex characteristics
A
Physical characteristics that differentiate males and females that are directly involved in reproduction
These are the sex organs
12
Q
Once puberty begins, most major changes occur within ______ years in girls and within ______ years in boys.
A
three 3 boys
four 4 girls
13
Q
Principal marker of reproduction for girls
A
Menarche (12.8 year median)
14
Q
Principal marker of reproduction for boys
A
First ejaculation
15
Q
Female Changes
A
Between 8 and 14 years of age, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) released by the pituitary gland causes the ovaries to begin to secrete estrogen
16
Q
Breast begin to develop at what age?
A
8 or 9 (breast buds)
-breasts enlarge at age 10
17
Q
Menarche (first menstruation)
A
occurs between the ages of 11 and 14. But it is quite normal for menarche to occur as early as age 9 or as late as age 16
18
Q
Estrogen also promotes growth of the
A
uterus, thickening of the vaginal lining, and growth of fatty and supporting tissue in the hips and buttocks.
growth of the vagina, uterus, and labia during puberty, while androgens cause the clitoris to develop
19
Q
Small amounts of androgens produced by the female’s adrenal glands, along with estrogen, stimulate development
A
Small amounts of androgens produced by the female’s adrenal glands, along with estrogen, stimulate development
20
Q
anovulatory
A
without ovulation
Girls cannot become pregnant until ovulation occurs, and ovulation may lag behind menarche by as much as two years.
21
Q
Male Changes
A
At puberty, the hypothalamus signals the pituitary to increase production of FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH)
22
Q
FSH and luteinizing hormone (LH)
A
stimulate the testes to increase their output of testosterone, which in turn prompts growth of the testes, scrotum, and penis
23
Q
Testosterone also fosters differentiation of secondary male characteristics
A
growth of facial, body, and pubic hair, and deepening of the voice
24
Q
Boys typically experience their first ejaculations by age ___ or _____, most often through masturbation
A
13 or 14
25
nocturnal emissions “wet dreams”
Involuntary ejaculation of seminal fluid while asleep
26
Underarm hair appears at about age
15
27
At age ______ the voice deepens as the larynx grows and the vocal cords lengthen.
14 or 15
28
young women who devoted more attention to exploring their sexual identities scored higher
on measures of sexual well-being (e.g., satisfaction with their sex lives).
29
It’s during the ____ years that most adolescents have their first romantic and sexual relationships
teenage
30
Masturbation
80% of males and 58% of females reported that they had masturbated at least once, and among those who had masturbated, 84% of males and 65% of females did so a few times a month or more
31
Oral Sex
Not as common as one would think for teens
| -oral sex most often occurred within committed relationships
32
Penile–Vaginal Intercourse
third of youth experience sexual intercourse before age 17
-most Canadian young people do not have penile–vaginal intercourse until their late teens or early 20s.
33
Adolescent LGBT Sexual Behaviours
most sexual-minority youth successfully navigate the developmental tasks of adolescence as well as their peers
34
four types of casual sexual relationships:
1) one-night stands
2) booty calls
3) fuck buddies
4) friends with benefits relationships (FWBR)
35
What form is the least intimate?
One-night stands
36
one of the most common sexual behaviours among youth
Sexting
37
Protecting Sexual Health in Adolescence
For Canadian youth, using condoms is the most popular choice for protecting sexual health
-younger teens are more responsible than older teens when it comes to condom use
38
among 14-year-olds
70% used a condom at last intercourse and 32% used the birth-control pill, while among 17-year-olds, fewer youth used condoms (63%) and more used the birth-control pill (54%)
39
primary relationship form for adult Canadians
Marriage
40
Developmental Tasks
1. Passion
2. Friendship
3. Communication
4. Sexual health
41
1. Passion
romantic relationships usually begin with some element of physical and emotional attraction
Physical attraction (“chemistry”) is often the spark that initially brings a couple together.
42
2. Friendship
sexual passion alone is not enough to sustain a relationship, especially if the couple hopes to maintain the relationship over time.
sense of friendship is one of the most important
43
3. Communication
Many people rely on nonverbal cues (“body language”) to make assumptions about their partner’s sexual preferences. This isn’t always the most effective form of communication
Many people rely on nonverbal cues (“body language”) to make assumptions about their partner’s sexual preferences. This isn’t always the most effective form of communication
44
4. Sexual health
Taking measures to prevent STIs and HIV infection and unwanted pregnancy is still important, particularly since more and more adults are remaining single, or becoming single after separation or divorce.
45
condom use ______ as people got older.
decreased
46
Being single
More people are postponing marriage to pursue educational and career goals.
the most common lifestyle among people in their 20s
47
In 2008, the typical man in Canada got married for the first time at
30 years
| women at 29.6
48
serial monogamy
Pattern of becoming involved in one exclusive relationship after another, as opposed to engaging in multiple sexual relationships at the same time
49
celibacy
Complete sexual abstinence
- Nuns and priests
- view sex outside of marriage as immoral
- the prospect of sexual activity uninteresting, or because they’re afraid of STIs.
50
Cohabitation
The state whereby two people live together as a couple but not legally married
51
common-law relationship
consists of two people of the opposite or the same sex who live together as a couple but are not legally married
52
Cohabiting couples may believe cohabitation will
strengthen their eventual marriages by helping them iron out the kinks in their relationships.
Yet cohabiters who later marry run a serious risk of divorce.
53
Sixty-three (63%) percent of those in their 30s who live together before marriage
get divorced
54
in 2016, 43.8% of Canadians aged 30 to 34 and over half (57.0%) of people aged 40 to 44 were married.
Marriage
55
Same-Sex Marriage
2002 changed definition of marriage
56
In _____-, Canadian Parliament passed legislation allowing same-sex couples to marry.
2005
57
Lesbian and gay couples following benefits of marriage:
Greater acceptance of their relationships by friends and family members
Equality with heterosexuals in terms of making decisions for ill partners, caring for children, and receiving inheritance and insurance benefits
Greater relationship satisfaction, including feeling closer to their partners and more secure about their relationships
Decreased feelings of internalized homophobia
More openness to the idea of having children
58
Why Do People Marry?
Because marriage meets personal and cultural needs and provides a legal sanction for deeply committed relationships.
- that children born to his wife are his
- Transition of wealth across families
59
Not until the _____ century did the notion of love as a basis for marriage become widespread in Western culture.
nineteenth
60
There are two major types of marriage:
monogamy and polygamy
61
monogamy
Two people are wed only to each other
| -form of matrimony
62
polygamy
a person has more than one spouse and is permitted sexual access to all of them.
-Polygamy is illegal in Canada
63
Polygyny
Form of marriage in which the man is married to more than one women at the same time
64
Polyandry
Form of marriage in which a women is married to more than one man at the same time
65
The universal incest taboo proscribes mating between close relatives.
No incest please
66
homogamy
Practise of marrying someone who is similar to yourself in social background and standing
67
______ for sexual relations is valued in nearly all cultures.
Privacy
68
Most cultures also place restrictions on ______during menstruation, during at least some stages of pregnancy, and for a time after childbirth.
intercourse
69
How frequently do married couples have sex?
aged 18 to 49, among people who were married, 2% reported having sex every day, 34% a few times a week, 46% a few times a month, and 16% once a month or less
70
Longer working hours and pornography consumption were not associated with less frequent sex
Less boom boom
71
Marital satisfaction is a complex phenomenon that includes the following
Commitment
An adequate income
Sharing in housework
Generosity toward one’s spouse
The support of one’s family and friends (yes, in-laws can make a difference one way or the other)
Agreement on attitudes toward having and raising children
Sexual satisfaction
For many couples, a belief in the religious or spiritual value of marriage
72
Rewards
include the amount of fun people experience during sex, pleasurable physical sensations from touching and caressing, and feeling comfortable with their partners
73
Costs
include too-infrequent sexual activity and poor sexual communication with their partners.
74
For _____, sexual satisfaction is positively correlated with orgasmic consistency and the frequency with which partners stimulate their genitals, and negatively correlated with masturbation
women
75
For ______, sexual satisfaction is positively correlated with the frequency of penile–vaginal intercourse and their partner’s orgasm.
men
76
Women in their ____'s were somewhat more likely to reach orgasm than younger and older women
40
77
Extramarital Sex
Some have affairs to break the routine of confining marriages
Husbands and wives who engage in affairs often report that they’re not satisfied with or fulfilled by their marital relationships
Middle-aged people may have affairs to boost their self-esteem, or to prove that they’re still attractive.
78
Extramarital sex (aka affair)
Sexual relations between a married person and someone other than his or her spouse
79
conventional adultery (infidelity or cheating)
Extramarital sex that is kept hidden from one's spouse
80
swinging (mate swapping)
Both spouses share extramarital sexual experience
81
United States suggest that infidelity occurs in 20% to ___% of all marriages
25
82
Effects of Extramarital Sex
range of emotional responses
| filled with anger, jealousy, or even shame
83
A wife’s affair
especially if the husband perceives that it was motivated primarily by sexual desire and attraction, may be an often unforgivable blow to his ego or pride
84
Swinging
Most swingers seek to avoid emotional entanglements with their swinging partners, but they may fail to separate their emotions from their sexual activities
85
polyamory
Any form of open relationship that allows for consensual sexual and / or emotional interactions with more than one partner
86
The average age
79. 6 years for men and
| 83. 8 years for women
87
Research doesn’t support the belief that people inevitably lose their
sexuality as they age
88
sexual behaviour _____ as people got older, they also found that positive attitudes toward sexuality and satisfaction with relationships were important factors in determining the frequency of sexual activity with partners.
decreased
89
Changes in the Female with age
Many of the physical changes in women stem from the decline in estrogen production around menopause.
- uterus decreases in size, no longer becoming so congested during sexual arousal.
- vaginal walls lose a great deal of elasticity
- less vaginal lubrication after menopause
- vagina shrinks in size, while the labia majora lose a great deal of their fatty deposits and become thin
90
Changes in the Male with age
After 50 men take progressively longer to achieve erections
- erections become less firm
- require minutes of direct penile stimulation to achieve.
- Sperm production tends to decline
- refractory period tends to lengthen with age
91
Several factors play a role in declining sexual activity
including physical problems, boredom, and cultural attitudes
92
True / False
| having young, toned bodies and quickly responding genitalia had little to do with satisfying sexual relationships.
True
93
In the lecture, this is taught as
Intergrative model of psychsexual development
- Development of continuous process
- But even adult phase is not static
94
Piece 1 of model: Chromosomal
Message carried by X & Y sex chromosome of male
| -joins X of ovum and results in XX (girl) or XY (boy)
95
Piece 1 of model: Fetal gonads
Testes at 6 weeks
| Ovaries at 12 weeks (late, to give time for processes to ensue)
96
Piece 1 of model: Fetal hormone / fetal hormonal
Genital dimorphism (internal and external)
Testes get Wolffian ducts to turn on
Mullerian system = women system
Without fetal hormones, it defaults to female form
Both men and women produce androgens (men producing far more)
97
Piece 1 of model: Other behaviours (in the loop)
Baby's sex based on genital dimorphism (penis = boy)
Social influences determine how boys and girls are sperate (blue for boys, pink for girls)
Series of choices to enforce label of gender: the name, pronoun, actions, comments (this helps gender identity)
98
Piece 1 of model: Body Image
Concept of physical self (how we visualize or imagine our bodies)
- Strongly influences by others (normal vs abnormal, fit into the flock)
- Body image contributes to gender identity (trans people mismatch physical with identity)
99
Piece 1 of model: Brain dimorphism
Fetal hormones induce genital dimorphism
-BUT also sexual brain dimorphism
Findings between male and female brains comes from nonhuman experiments
-fetal hormones cause different brain development but this is highly controversial
100
Brain dimorphism is subject to major modifications through ______ and ______ factors
Learning and social factors
| we are not A or B, we are both
101
Child's gender identity
How the child defines itself as man, women, other
| - if one does not fit the dichotomy it can be confusing (not a man or women)
102
Child's gender role
Product of its own gender identity as behaviours of others
-Canadian twin boys study where a boy got penis cut off, they raised him as a girl and he took on very girlish qualities
103
Child's gender roles etc
Parents treat babies differently according to their sex / gender
Girls get rewarded for attractiveness
Boys get rewarded for physical performance
Bio plays a role, but not a major one
104
Menarche
12. 8 median, range 5-6 years boths side
- Starting at younger age, one doesnt know why it starts
- perhaps due to diet, stress, interaction with boys
105
Girls order of puebrty
```
Growth of breasts (7-13)
Growth of pubic hair (8-14)
Body growth (9.5-14.5)
Menarche (10-16.5)
Underarm hair (2 years after pubic)
Oil and sweat glands - acne (same as under arm)
```
106
Boys order of puberty
Growth of testes and scrotal sac (10-13.5)
Growth of pubic hair (10-15)
Body growth (10.5-16)
Growth of the penis (11-14.5)
Changes in voice (same as penis growth)
Facial and under arm hair (two years after pubic)
Oil and sweat producing glands - acne (same as under arm hair)
Testosterone is major culprit
107
Puebertal morphology
Secondary sex characteristics start around age 9 or 10
- due to adrenarche
- sexual interest begins with adrenarche
108
Girls response to estrogen
Breasts develop, fat deposits on hips and mons pubis
109
Boys response to androgen
body build, larynx, facial hair
110
Early and late maturers
Treated as they are perceived
- early breast development = available for sexual sense
- Approached for sex before emotionally or cognitively ready
- Leads to early dating and early intercourse
Boys who mature late are often excluded in sports and leadership roles
111
First interest in sex awakens around age ____
10 (adrenarche)
112
Meaning of childhood sexuality
- It is all subjective
| - Kids are often not aware of significance of acts or reasons for them (imitation, play, attention)
113
About __ in __ adults admit they engaged in young sexual behaviours (but not often)
1 out of 2 adults
| -child masturbation, nudity, etc for pleasure
114
Parents as sources of sexual information
Set examples for the child
- physical ways they relate to each other
- acceptability of nudity, judgment of bodies, touch, public intimacy
115
Girls get more info from _____ than boys from _____
```
Girls = mothers
boys = father (but not as much)
```
116
2008 research from canada
45% teens regarded parents as role models
| -school was most valuable for sex ed, friends being 2nd
117
Frappier et al.
Control f in the slides
118
Sex ed in school
Controversial
- some parents want to resist
- waiting until 14+ is too late for some (boys 31% and 21% of girls engage in sex before 14)
119
Taking a college / university sex course
- improved interpersonal relationships
- comfort in talking about sex
- improved romantic relationships
- reduction in homophobia
Study of couples
- less secretive about sex
- more comfortable with sexuality
- increased communication
- willingness to try new behaviours or positions
120
Sexual attitudes with young people
- Most accept premarital sex (increase from 1975-1995)
| - 77% of males into casual sex, whereas 51% of women say its okay
121
Bibby Canadian adolescents
- petting is okay on the first date (27 agreed)
- after a few dates, petting is okay 84%
-First date intercourse:11% said okay, 19%M, 3% women
"like each other"
122
Queen's canada youth and aids study (king et al)
75% of grade 11's and college / university said yes to sex before marriage
123
Promiscous women
Engaged in premarital sex (not being a finance) - 1950's women
-Now, defined as women having multiple partners without commitment
124
Negative reputation
MANY YOUNG WOMEN WORRY ABOUT THIS
- Less men worry
- Adolescents often worry about parents finding out more than for friends (women more than men)
125
Player
Male with multiple sexual partners, have negative ways to target them and have sex and abandoned then
-Hanging out in front of religious schools to pick up women
126
Changes in adolescent sexual behaviours
Yes!
127
Mean age of 1st intercourse and 1st oral sex
Age 15
128
How sexual experience has not changed
Women still expected to act as gatekeepers
| -The women's experience is predictive if shell have college sex (no prior experience means no sex usually)
129
Popular places to have sex
Own house
Partner's house
Car
130
Guessing sex amounts
Virgins assume more people around them have sex
| Girls overestimate Boy's sexual experiences
131
Which comes first, sex drive or relationships?
For women, relationships first, sex drive later
132
Greatest change in sexual behaviour is widespread acceptance of
Oral sex (tongue punch that fart box)
133
Why girls worry about receiving oral sex (cunnilingus)
What their vulvae looks like
134
Canadian study (O'sullivan)
Higher levels of texting mediated both oral sex and sexual intercourse over time
135
Technical virgins
Avoid penile-vaginal intercourse for moral reasons out of pregnancy, but engage in other sexual acts (manual, oral, or anal stimulation to orgasm)
- helps relieve sexual tension, and allows for learning response pattern's of partner's
- can be used as a birth control (no hotdog in the hole)
136
Teen pregnancy
Tendency to keep the baby, but consequences include completing school, getting well-paying job
Hard to afford, poverty is an issue for a child
