Chapter 12: Systematics

Question 1

Who came up with binomial nomeclature?

Answer 1

Carl Linnaeus
(Swedish botanist)

Question 2

What are the parts of binomial nomenclature?

Answer 2

First word: genus name
Second: specific epithet

Question 3

Hierarchy of Classification

Answer 3

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Question 4

Phylogeny

Answer 4

Physical representation of evolutionary history

Question 5

What does a node in a phylogeny represent?

Answer 5

A common ancestor

Question 6

Monophyletic

Answer 6

Common ancestor and all its descendants

Question 7

Paraphyletic

Answer 7

Common ancestor and some of its descendants

Question 8

Polyphyletic

Answer 8

Two or more ancestral species

Question 9

Homologous structures

Answer 9

Common evolutionary origin, different function

Question 10

Analogous structures

Answer 10

Common function, different evolutionary origin

Question 11

Cladistics

Answer 11

Method of phylogenetic analysis

Question 12

Synapomorphy

Answer 12

Character states that arose from a common ancestor, present in all members

Question 13

Outgroup

Answer 13

Closely related member but not a member taxon being studied; used to root trees

Question 14

Cladogram

Answer 14

Phylogenetic Tree

Question 15

Principle of Parsimony/Occam’s Razor

Answer 15

when deciding between two explanations, the simpler explanation is more likely

Question 16

cpDNA

Answer 16

Chloroplast DNA

Question 17

What are the types of cpDNA?

Answer 17

-rbcL Gene
-atpB Gene

Question 18

rbcL Gene

Answer 18

Encodes Rubsico enzyme

Question 19

Where is rbcL gene useful and unuseful?

Answer 19

useful for distantly related plant groups, not useful for closely related taxa

Question 20

atpB gene

Answer 20

Codes for a subunit of ATP synthase

Question 21

Where is atpB useful?

Answer 21

Closely related taxa

Question 22

mtDNA

Answer 22

Found in all the same plants

Question 23

Nuclear DNA

Answer 23

Used for closely related taxa

Question 24

What are the three domains of life?

Answer 24

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Question 25

Meiosis

Answer 25

Halves the number of chromosomes 2n -> n, n

Question 26

Mitosis

Answer 26

Retains chromosome number 2n -> 2n, 2n

Question 27

Zygotic Meiosis -organisms -ploidy of life cycle -ploidy of zygote

Answer 27

-fungi -haploid for most of life cycle -zygotes ONLY diploid cell

Question 28

Gametic Meiosis -organism -ploidy of life cycle -ploidy of gamete

Answer 28

-animals -diploid for most of life cycle -gametes are ONLY haploid stage in life cycle

Question 29

Sporic Meiosis -organism -ploidy -feature -feature produces what kind of cells?

Answer 29

-plants -diploid -alternation of generations -meiosis: spores; mitosis: gametes