Chapter 12 - The Reproductive Systems

Question 1

• GI tract epithelium (except mouth and anus)

Answer 1

Endoderm

Question 2

• Nasal, oral, anal epithelium

Answer 2

Ectoderm

Question 3

• Pulsatile nature of ____1.____ increases in ____2.____ and ____3._____ during menopause

Answer 3

1. GnRH
2. amplitude
3. frequency

Question 3

• Entire cardiovascular and lymphatic system, including blood

Answer 3

Mesoderm

Question 4

• Pituitary gland (both lobes), adrenal medulla

Answer 4

Ectoderm

Question 4

• GI glands (liver, pancreas, etc.)

Answer 4

Endoderm

Question 5

• All muscle, bone, and connective tissue

Answer 5

Mesoderm

Question 7

• Urogenital organs (kidneys, ureters, gonads, reproductive ducts)

Answer 7

Mesoderm

Question 8

• The morula is the same size as the zygote, which indicates that the dividing cells spend most of their time in what phases of the cell cycle?

Answer 8

They must spend most of their time during the S (synthesis) and M (mitotic) phases, skipping the G₁ and G₂ (gap or growth) phases

Question 10

• Epidermis of skin and derivatives (hair, nails, sweat glands, sensory receptors)

Answer 10

Ectoderm

Question 11

• Urinary bladder

Answer 11

Endoderm

Question 12

• Entire nervous system

Answer 12

Ectoderm

Question 13

• What is capacitation?

Answer 13

• The change undergone by sperm in the female reproductive tract that enables them to penetrate and fertilize the egg

Question 14

• Dermis of skin

Answer 14

Mesoderm

Question 15

• Cornea and lens

Answer 15

Ectoderm

Question 16

• Follicles decline in response during menopause, which leads to an increase in ____1.____ and an even greater increase in _____2._____ (a greater increase because of ____3.____ and ____4.____)

Answer 16

1. LH
2. FSH
3. less estradiol
4. less follistatin

Question 17

• Epithelial lining of urogenital organs and duct

Answer 17

Endoderm

Question 18

• Respiratory epithelium

Answer 18

Endoderm

Question 19

The uterine cycle can be subdivided into three phases:

Answer 19

1. Menstruation (5 days)
2. Proliferative phase (9 days)
3. Secretory phase (14 days; same length as luteal phase)

Question 20

Bipotential stage: 6 week fetus

IF FEMALE:

• Gonad (___1.___) forms ovary
• Gonad (___2.___) regresses
• ___3.___ regresses (___4.___ absent)
• ___5.___ becomes ___6.___, ___7.___, ___8.___, and ___9.___ (___10.___ absent)

Answer 20

1. cortex
2. medulla
3. Wolffian duct
4. testosterone
5. Müllerian duct
6. fallopian tube
7. uterus
8. cervix
9. upper 1/2 of vagina
10. AMH

Question 21

Bipotential stage: 6 weeks fetus

IF MALE:

• Gonad (___1.___) regresses
• Gonad (___2.___) forms ___3.___
• ___4.___ forms ___5.___, ___6.___, and ___7.___ (___8.___ present)
• ___9.___ regresses (___10.___ present)

Answer 21

1. cortex
2. medulla
3. testis
4. Wolffian duct
5. epididymis
6. vas deferens
7. seminal vesicle
8. testosterone
9. Müllerian duct
10. AMH

Question 22

Development of External Genitalia

IF FEMALE:

• Genital tubercle forms ___1.___
• Urethral folds and grooves form ___2.___, ___3.___, and ___4.___
• Labioscrotal swellings form ___5.___

Answer 22

1. clitoris
2. labia minoria
3. opening of vagina
4. urethra
5. labia majora

Question 23

Development of External Genitalia

IF MALE:

• Genital tubercle forms ___1.___
• Urethral folds and grooves form ___2.___
• Labioscrotal swellings form ___3.___ and ___4.___

Answer 23

1. glans penis
2. shaft of penis
3. shaft of penis
4. scrotum

Question 24

DHT controls ___1.___ development (in the human embryo)

Without DHT, the ___2.___ genitalia of the embroyo will take on ___3.___characteristics

Answer 24

1. prostate
2. external
3. female

Question 25

Component * Sperm Function * \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_

Answer 25

1. Gametes 2. Seminiferous tubules

Question 26

Component * Mucus Function * \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_

Answer 26

1. Lubricant 2. Bulbourethral glands

Question 27

Component * Water Function * \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_

Answer 27

1. Provides liquid medium 2. All accessory glands

Question 28

Component * Water Function * \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_

Answer 28

1. Provides liquid medium 2. All accessory glands * prostate gland * seminal vesicles * bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands

Question 29

Component * Buffers Function * \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_

Answer 29

1. Neutralize acidic environment of vagina 2. Prostate, bulbourethral glands

Question 30

Component * Nutrients * \_\_1.\_\_ , \_\_2.\_\_ , \_\_3.\_\_ , \_\_4.\_\_ Function * \_\_\_5.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_6.\_\_\_, \_\_\_7.\_\_\_, \_\_\_8.\_\_\_, \_\_\_9.\_\_\_

Answer 30

1. Fructose 2. Citric acid 3. Vitamin C 4. Carnitine 5. Nourish sperm 6. Fructose ---\> Seminal vesicle 7. Citric acid ---\> Prostate 8. Vitamin C ---\> Seminal vesicles 9. Carnitine ---\> Epididymis

Question 31

Component * Enzymes Function * \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_

Answer 31

1. Clot semen in vagina, then liquefy the clot 2. Seminal vesicles and prostate

Question 32

Component * Zinc Function * \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_

Answer 32

1. Unknown, possible association with fertility 2. Seminal vesicles and prostate

Question 33

Component * Prostaglandins Function * \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Source * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_

Answer 33

1. Smooth muscle contraction; may aid sperm transport 2. Seminal vesicles

Question 34

Normal sperm development requires a temperature that is \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ lower than core body temperature Hormone production is not as \_\_\_2.\_\_\_ sensitive as sperm production The prostate gland completely encircles the \_\_\_3.\_\_\_, its enlargement causes difficulty in \_\_\_4.\_\_\_ by narrowing the passageway

Answer 34

1. 2 - 3 ^oF 2. temperature 3. urethra 4. urinating

Question 35

Gland and secretions * Seminal vesicles - \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Function of secretions * \_\_\_2.\_\_\_ of sperm % of total ejaculate volume * \_\_\_3.\_\_\_

Answer 35

1. mostly fructose 2. Nourishment 3. 60%

Question 36

Gland and secretions * Prostate gland - \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ and a \_\_\_2.\_\_\_ Function of secretions * \_\_\_3.\_\_\_ , allows semen to \_\_\_4.\_\_\_ after ejaculation % of total ejaculate volume * \_\_\_5.\_\_\_

Answer 36

1. fructose 2. coagulant 3. Nourishment 4. coagulate 5. 35%

Question 37

Gland and secretions * Bulbourethral glands - thick, \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ mucus Function of secretions * Lubricate \_\_\_2.\_\_\_ , neutralize \_\_\_3.\_\_\_ in male urethra and in female \_\_\_4.\_\_\_ % of total ejaculate volume * \_\_\_5.\_\_\_

Answer 37

1. alkaline 2. urethra 3. acids 4. vagina 5. 3%

Question 38

Gland and secretions * Testes - \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ Function of secretions * Male \_\_\_2.\_\_\_ % of total ejaculate volume * \_\_\_3.\_\_\_

Answer 38

1. sperm 2. gamete 3. 2%

Question 39

At birth, the testes of a newborn boy have now progressed beyond mitosis and contain only immature \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ cells After birth, the gonads become \_\_\_2.\_\_\_ (relatively inactive) until puberty, the period in the early \_\_\_3.\_\_\_ years when the gonads mature At \_\_\_4.\_\_\_, germ cell mitosis resumes. From that point onward, the germs cells, known as \_\_\_5.\_\_\_, have two possible fates: 1. \_\_\_6.\_\_\_ 2. \_\_\_7.\_\_\_

Answer 39

1. germ 2. quiescent 3. teen 4. puberty 5. spermatogonia (singular spermatogonium) 6. continue to undergo mitosis throughout the male's reproductive life 7. start meiosis and become primary spermatocytes

Question 40

Oögonia complete mitosis and the DNA duplication stage of meiosis by the \_\_\_1.\_\_\_ of fetal development At this time, germ cell mitosis ceases and no further oocytes can be formed. At birth each ovary contains about a \_\_\_2.\_\_\_ primary gametes, or \_\_\_3.\_\_\_

Answer 40

1. fifth month 2. half a million 3. primary oocytes