Chapter 13

Question 1

Outer Core

Answer 1

molten; magnetic field controlled here

Question 2

Inner Core

Answer 2

Dense mass; primarily made of iron/nickel or iron/silicate

Question 3

Mineral Requirements

Answer 3

naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid, with a definite chemical composition and a definite atomic structure

Question 4

Silicates

Answer 4

oxygen and silicon

Question 5

Oxides

Answer 5

elements combined with oxygen

Question 6

Sulfides

Answer 6

combination of sulfur and another element

Question 7

Sulfates

Answer 7

oxygen and sulfur

Question 8

Carbonates

Answer 8

light colored minerals composed of carbon, oxygen, and another element

Question 9

Halides

Answer 9

salty minerals

Question 10

Native Elements

Answer 10

gold and silver

Question 11

Outcrop

Answer 11

Bedrock at surface

Question 12

bedrock

Answer 12

rock that hasn’t moved

Question 13

regolith

Answer 13

spaced out rocks under the surface

Question 14

Magma vs Lava

Answer 14

magma is molten rock beneath Earth’s surface; lava is molten rock on Earth’s surface

Question 15

Intrusive Igneous Rocks

Answer 15

rocks that form from magma; cool slowly and cause large crystals (coarse-grained)

Question 16

Extrusive Igneous Rocks

Answer 16

rocks that form from lava; cool quickly and don’t have visible crystals (fine-grained)

Question 17

Pyroclastic Igneous Rocks

Answer 17

form from material ejected from volcanoes (hot lava blocks, pumice, ash, and volcanic gas)

Question 18

Sedimentary Rock Basic Process

Answer 18

1. large amounts of sediment are buried together
2. pressure hardens these layers (chemical cementation)
3. This pressure squeezes the water out and forms sedimentary rocks

Question 19

Ways Sedimentary Rocks form

Answer 19

1. Form when seawater is evaporated
2. Form from animal remains
3. For from sediment deposits; rocks at the surface break apart into smaller pieces (LITHIFICATION)

Question 20

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 20

composed of fragments of preexisting rocks; shale; conglomerate

Question 21

Chemical Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 21

formed by the precipitation of soluble materials or complicated chemical reactions (limestone and coal)

Question 22

Organic Sedimentary Rocks

Answer 22

form from the remains of deal plants and animals (coal)

Question 23

Metamorphic Rocks

Answer 23

originally igneous or sedimentary rocks; changed by heat and pressure

Question 24

Contact Metamorphism

Answer 24

rock contacts magma and is rearranged

Question 25

Regional Metamorphism

Answer 25

large volumes of rock are subjected to heat and pressure over long time scales (limestone becomes marble; sandstone becomes quartzite; shale becomes slate) schist: narrow foliations gneiss: broad, banded foliations

Question 26

Uniformitarianism

Answer 26

the present is the key to the past; processes which shaped the landscape of the past are the same that will shape the future

Question 27

Geologic Time

Answer 27

vast periods of time over which geologic processes operate