Chapter 13 Flashcards
(42 cards)
Emperor Napoleon III
made himself Emperor of the French in1852, concerned for working class, announced that he embodied the sovereignty of the people, claimed that he would govern equally in the interests of all, social engineer, believed in freedom of national trade, inspired by Ceaser Augustus, wanted to turn Paris into the most beautiful place in the world
Napoleon III on Nationalism
seemed to grasp significance of natiotionalism as force on continent, had ambition to harness German and Italian national feeling to benefit France, wanted to aid creation of smaller regional powers-would be subservient to France’s interest and look to France as their protector, he understands that it is a force to reckoned with, ignored the fact that they may all unify
Baron Georges Haussmann
city planner, built a lot for Paris, modernized sewer and water system, his building program stimulated business and employment, his designs also helped with creating an easier way for military operations to happen
“The Liberal Empire”
what the 1860s decade was called, gives up control of military(to French legislature) to get the love of the people, crippled the ability of war
Moldavia & Wallachia
later known as Romania in 1858, Danube, Tsar Nicholas I moved here with military forces, involved protection of Christians, Russia wants them as trading pieces, ends with Serbia recognized as self-governing principalities under protection of European powers
Crimean War
854-1856, helped the success of European national movements, weakened both Austria and Russia, first war covered by news correspondents. Turkish army destroyed, British and French declare war on Russia, there’s low visibility conditions and when Russia sends reinforcements 90% get lost, Russia loses big time. French put most into war
Siege of Sevastopol
from October 1854 to September 1855 during Crimean war, major action is centered in Sevastopol, whole war is focused on this, southwestern coast of Crimea, when it falls the war has been lost by Russia
Peace of Paris (1856)
congress of all great powers made peace at Paris, ended Crimean war, made the black sea neutral territory, huge setback in Russian control over the territory
Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
tried to make the state a model of progress and efficiency. Head of government, modernizer and technocrat. He made a fortune expanding railroad telegraph network of Sardinia. Seen as a 19th century Machiavelli. He was a nationalist who wanted to unite Northern Italy under control of Italy, after he dies Italian government was unstable
Lombardy/Venetia
Sardinia wanted Lombardy and Venetia for the creation of Italia Alta, want Northern not Southern
Plombiers Agreement
no one but Napoleon III and Cavour present, July 21. Devised plan where France would assist Sardinia but Austria must start it-must be defensive war, document signed January 1859
Nice & Savoy
In return for France assisting in war Sardinia would cede city of Nice and Savoy to France
Battle of Magenta & Soleferino
bloodbath, Austrians fight well but not well enough, Both Napoleon III and Austrian Emperor (Franz) don’t understand operations and tactics. Color magenta comes from the battle, red cross was created
Treaty of Villafranca
France and Austrians make a peace treaty because Austria won’t give it to Sardinia. Cavour resigns because he thinks he failed but ends up coming back, France ends up giving it to Sardinia
Giuseppi Garabaldi (1807-1882)
Cavour made a deal with him and gave him help that was untraceable. By coincedence the British fleet shows up at the same time as Garabaldi so he lands on shore, ends up declaring himself dictator in the Ancient Roman sense-in the name of King Victor Emmanuel II, by the end of July Sicily is in his hands, people worried he’s going to make himself ruler, on October 26 he hailed King Victor as “King of Italy” so Garabaldi is no longer dictator, all he requests is 2 bags of seeds for his farm
“Thousand Red Shirts”
made up of upper-middle class, left Genoa on March 5 and landed at Marsala (Western Sicily) on March 11, locals begin to join, they are liberators, they enter Naples September 7, Pope Pius IX trying to go against them but then people start joining, helped with the end of papal states
Otto Leopold von Bismarck-Schonhausen
was suggested to the King cause of the army bill. His formula for success was-leave nothing to chance, sense of timing, exhaust all possible means, act with moderations. He realized nothing guaranteed, appointed chancellor of Prussia, his tactics were surrounded by realpoltik
Treaty of Olmutz (1850)
November, Austrians reformed confederation and force Prussia to promise that Berlin wouldn’t attempt Erfurt Union and that German politics would remain under Austrian leaders, Prussia is mad
Zollverein
Prussia began to create formal economic agreements with neighboring German states, known as zollverein (tolls) and if you belonged to it tolls were dropped allowing free trade and enhanced economic development, it was launched in 1834 and achieved something close to economic unification of Germany, Austria asked to join but never allowed
King Wilhelm I
Served as regent till January 1861 because his brother (Friedrich Wilhelm IV) withdrew because of mental instability. Became king after his brother died. He didn’t expect to rule and didn’t want to but serves out of sense of duty.
Constitutional Crisis of 1862
In 1862 there was a bill proposed to reduce years of required military service which would increase the number of men put through training and available for reserve. Parliament refused to approve change and feared a larger army could suppress people-attempts at compromise failed. Otto von Bismarck was suggested because if Bismarck couldn’t save the bill no one could. Bismarck’s advice was to collect the taxes anyway and gave his “blood and iron” speech but Parliament was unmoved. Blood represented military and iron represented industry of Germany. Bismarck still went ahead because he was appointed to the King and answers to the King
Helmuth von Moltke
Prussian general, gave to vague of orders, people displeased with him and he was removed from position
Realpolitik/Eisen und Blut
Bismarck, the ends justify the means, expressed in Blood and Iron speech
Schleswig-Holstein
provinces of Schleswig and Holstein were under authority of Danish monarchy but not Danish crown lands, in 1848 these provinces rose up against Danish government because they wanted to be a part of new German state. London protocol affirmed they were duchies held by Danish crown but still independent. King Christian IX sought to place them under a new constitution in 1883-violation of London Protocol which gave Bismarck an opening. In Febraury 1866 Austria+Prussian forces overcame Danish defenses in 4 days
