Chapter 13

Question 1

What is a confederate

Answer 1

An individual working with the experimenter

Question 2

What is conformity

Answer 2

The extent to which persons modify their behaviour of the surrounding group

Question 3

What do we rely on when interpreting others behaviours

Answer 3

External cues

Question 4

What is attribution theory

Answer 4

A framework used to explain the actions of others as the result of either disposition Al or situational causes

Question 5

Within the attribution theory there are 2 attributions that can be made what are they

Answer 5

Dispositional/internal causes and situational/external causes

Question 6

What are dispositional/internal cues

Answer 6

When another’s behaviour is assumed to be a result of their personality traits and characteristics

Question 7

What are situational/external causes

Answer 7

Whether another’s behaviour is assumed to be a result of environmental causes that are beyond one’s control

Question 8

What are the three factors needed when making internal or external attributions

Answer 8

Consistency, distinctiveness and consensus

Question 9

What is consistency

Answer 9

Whether the behaviour of an individual in a given social situation is similar over time

Question 10

What is distinctiveness

Answer 10

Whether a person behaves in a similar manner across a variety of situations

Question 11

What is consensus

Answer 11

Considers the extent to which an individuals behaviour ressembles that of other persons (high) or varies from others (low)

Question 12

What is the fundamental attribution error

Answer 12

Tendency to attribute the behaviour of others to internal/dispositional causes rather than to external/environmental causes

Question 13

What is the actor-observer bias

Answer 13

One attributes the causes of one’s own behavior to external causes and the behavior of other to internal, dispositional causes

Question 14

What is a self serving bias

Answer 14

Attributing one’s successes to internal causes and one’s failure to external causes

Question 15

What is impression formation

Answer 15

The process by which a person formulated either positive or negative opinions and feelings about another person or group

Question 16

What is first impression

Answer 16

The tendency for our initial impression that we have about other persons to be rapid and enduring

Question 17

What is primacy effect

Answer 17

The initial information learned about another person has the strongest effect on impression formation which is most pronounced with the initial information is negative

Question 18

What is confirmation bias

Answer 18

The tendency to pay attention to information consistent with one’s existing beliefs and ignore or discard information inconsistent with their beliefs

Question 19

What is a self fulfilling prophecy

Answer 19

When expected outcomes regarding the actions of others are more likely to occur because individuals unwittingly act in ways to bring about the behaviour

Question 20

What is social influence

Answer 20

A process by which our thoughts and actions are strongly influenced by the prescence of others

Question 21

What are social norms

Answer 21

Prescribed behaviours that vary across context, culture and time

Question 22

What is a collectivist society

Answer 22

Cultures that place emphasis on the group instead of the individual

Question 23

What are social scripts

Answer 23

Learned behaviours that are expected across a variety of situations

Question 24

What is group think

Answer 24

Faulty decision making that occurs when high degree of conformity and group cohesion are highly valued, to the exclusion of opposing information and ideas

Question 25

What is out-group

Answer 25

The group that a person does not belong to. Members of the out group are assumed to be highly homogeneous

Question 26

What experiment did Zimbardo conduct

Answer 26

Prisoner experience/social role experiment

Question 27

What is the bystander effect

Answer 27

A person in need is less likely to receive help as the number of people who are present increases

Question 28

What is diffusion of responsibility

Answer 28

The number of people present increases, the relative level of accountability of each person decreases. When only one person is present, they assume 100% of the responsibility

Question 29

What is the escalation of commitment

Answer 29

The more time one remains in an interpersonal relationship or as a member of a group, despite experiencing increasingly negative outcomes, the more difficult it is to leave the relationship/group

Question 30

What is an attitude

Answer 30

Variations in thoughts, ideas and opinions

Question 31

What are the three components of attitudes about a person or object

Answer 31

Cognitive, affective and behavioural

Question 32

What is the cognitive component of attitude

Answer 32

The thoughts and logic of one's attitude

Question 33

What is the affective component of attitude

Answer 33

The emotional aspect of attitudes

Question 34

What is the behavioural component of attitudes

Answer 34

Actions that reflect support for one's attitudes

Question 35

What is cognitive dissonance

Answer 35

When attitudes and behaviours are inconsistent, a state of unease is felt, which the individual is then motivated to reduce

Question 36

What is a stereotype

Answer 36

Attitudes and opinions about people based on their group affiliation

Question 37

What does heterogeneous mean

Answer 37

When group members are diverse and posses a mix of different characteristics

Question 38

What does homogeneous mean

Answer 38

When number of a group are highly similar

Question 39

What is a stereotype threat

Answer 39

Occurs when a person or group experiences significant fear of confirming negative expectations about one's own social group which ultimately adversely affects performance

Question 40

What is prejudice

Answer 40

Learned, negative attitudes or opinions that a person has towards certain groups

Question 41

What is discrimination

Answer 41

Adverse behaviours directed at groups towards which one holds negative and prejudicial beliefs

Question 42

What is the realistic conflict theory

Answer 42

Inter group conflict that occurs when two or more groups are competing over real or perceived scarce ressources. This often leads to feelings of prejudice, extreme dislike and malice towards the competing groups

Question 43

What is the definition of in group

Answer 43

The group that a person belongs to, is perceived to be superior to other groups

Question 44

What is mutual interdependence

Answer 44

Refers to the need for individuals or groups to work together toward a common goal

Question 45

What is instrumental agression

Answer 45

Violent behaviour that is purposeful and is a means to achieve some goal

Question 46

What is hostile aggression

Answer 46

Violent behaviour whose sole purpose is inflicting harm on another living creature

Question 47

What is behaviour modeling

Answer 47

Learning to complete a task by simply copying the behavior of another person

Question 48

What is social learning

Answer 48

Learning behaviours and skills by watching others engage in those behaviours

Question 49

What are pro social behaviours

Answer 49

Helping others without expecting of anything in return

Question 50

What is altruism

Answer 50

Engaging in behaviour to help another, despite the cost or potential risk to self

Question 51

What is reciprocal altruism

Answer 51

Engaging in what appears to be pro social behaviours with the expectation of getting something in return

Question 52

What is the reciprocity norm

Answer 52

The idea that if others help us then we should provide something in return